Aostan French
Aostan French (French: français valdôtain) is the variety of French spoken in the Aosta Valley, Italy.
History
The Aosta Valley was the first government authority to adopt Modern French as working language in 1536, three years before France itself.[1] French has been the official language of the Aosta Valley since 1561, when it replaced Latin.[2] In the 1861 census, the first held after the unification of Italy, 93% declared being Francophone; in 1921, the last census with a question about language found that 88% of the population was French-speaking.[3] The suppression of all French-language schools and institutions and violence against French speakers during the forceful Italianisation campaign of the Fascist government irretrievably damaged the status of French in the region. Italian and French are nowadays the region's official languages[4] and are used for the regional government's acts and laws, though Italian is much more widely spoken in everyday life, and French is mostly used by intellectuals and within cultural events. Though French was re-introduced as an official language after World War II, by 2003 just 0.99% reported speaking standard French natively. French remains widely known as a second language, but it is no longer spoken as part of daily life.[5] In 2001, 75.41% of the population of Aosta Valley was French-speaking, 96.01% declared to know Italian, 55.77% Franco-Provençal, and 50.53% all of them.[6] School education is delivered equally in both Italian and French so that everyone who went to school in Aosta Valley can speak French to at least at a medium-high level.
Influences
Aostan French is characterized by terms adopted from the patois francoprovençal valdôtain and sometimes from Italian. In this sense, it is quite similar to Savoyard dialect and to valaisan dialect as spoken in Valais.[7]
Lexicon
| Aostan French | Standard French |
|---|---|
| Adret | Right (sunny) slope of Doire baltée |
| Ape | Tricycle à moteur |
| Après-dinée | Après-midi |
| Arpian | Gardien de vaches à l'alpage |
| Artson | Coffre |
| Assesseur | Adjoint du maire |
| Bague | Chose |
| Balosse | Lourdaud |
| Bauze | Tonneau de vin |
| Borne | Trou |
| Bottes | Chaussures |
| Brique | Lieu escarpé |
| Briquer | Casser |
| Cayon | Porc |
| Chiquet | Petit verre d'alcool |
| Choppe | Grève |
| Crotte | Cave |
| Chose | Fiancé(e) |
| Couisse | Tourmente de neige |
| Déroché | Tombé en ruines |
| Contre-nuit | Crépuscule |
| Envers | Left slope of Doire baltée |
| Flou | Odeur |
| Fruitier | Fromager |
| Gant de Paris | Préservatif |
| Garde-ville | Agent de police |
| Geline | Poule |
| Hivernieux | Logement de montagne |
| Jaser | Parler |
| Jouer (se) | S'amuser |
| Aostan French | Standard French |
|---|---|
| Jube | Veste |
| Junte | Administrative council |
| Lèze | Cheminée |
| Maison communale | Mairie |
| Mayen | Seconde maison en haute montagne |
| Mécouley | Gâteau |
| Modon | Bâton |
| Paquet | Ballot de foin |
| Patate | Pomme de terre |
| Pianin | Celui qui habite la plaine |
| Poëlle | Cuisine |
| Pointron | Rocher pointu |
| Quitter | Laisser |
| Rabadan | Personne de peu de valeur |
| Rabeilleur | Rebouteux, guérisseur traditionnel |
| Régent | Enseignant |
| Savater | Donner des coups |
| Solan | Plancher |
| Songeon | Sommet |
| Souper | Repas du soir |
| Syndic | Maire |
| Tabaquerie | Bureau de tabacs |
| Tabeillon | Notaire |
| Topié | Treille |
| Troliette | Tourteau, pain de noix |
| Tsapoter | Tailler le bois |
| Tsavon | Tête de bétail |
| Vagner | Semer |
| Verne | Aulne |
Numerals
Unlike standard French of France, Aostan French uses:
- Seventy: septante[lower-alpha 1] /sɛp.tɑ̃t/
- Eighty: huitante[lower-alpha 2] /ɥi.tɑ̃t/
- Ninety: nonante[lower-alpha 3] /nɔ.nɑ̃t/
Meals
- Breakfast = déjeuner
- Lunch = dinée or dîner
- Dinner = souper
Bibliography
- (French) Jean-Pierre Martin, Description lexicale du français parlé en Vallée d'Aoste, éd. Musumeci, Quart, 1984 (source)
- (French) Alexis Bétemps, La langue française en Vallée d'Aoste de 1945 à nos jours T.D.L., Milan
- (French) Jules Brocherel, Le Patois et la langue française en Vallée d'Aoste éd. V. Attinger, Neuchâtel
- (French) La minorité linguistique valdôtaine, éd. Musumeci, Quart (1968).
- (French) Rosellini Aldo, La francisation de la Vallée d’Aoste, dans Studi medio latini e volgari, vol. XVIII, 1958.
- (French) Keller, Hans-Erich, Études linguistiques sur les parlers valdôtains, éd. A. Francke S.A., Berne, 1958.
- (French) Schüle, Ernest, Histoire linguistique de la Vallée d’Aoste, dans Bulletin du Centre d’Études francoprovençales n° 22, Imprimerie Valdôtaine, Aoste, 1990.
- (French) Favre, Saverio, Histoire linguistique de la Vallée d’Aoste, dans Espace, temps et culture en Vallée d’Aoste, Imprimerie Valdôtaine, Aoste, 1996.
- (French) François-Gabriel Frutaz, Les origines de la langue française en Vallée d’Aoste, Imprimerie Marguerettaz, Aoste, 1913.
- (French) Mgr. Joseph-Auguste Duc, La langue française dans la Vallée d'Aoste, Saint-Maurice, 1915.
- (French) Anselme Réan, La phase initiale de la guerre contre la langue française dans la Vallée d'Aoste, Ivrée, 1923.
- (French)
- (French) Bérard, Édouard, La langue française dans la Vallée d’Aoste : réponse à M. le chevalier Vegezzi-Ruscalla, Aoste, 1861 (rééd. 1962).
- (French) Bétemps, Alexis, Les Valdôtains et leur langue, avant-propos d’Henri Armand, Imprimerie Duc, Aoste, 1979.
See also
Notes
References
- ↑ Pays d'Aoste - Histoire
- ↑ Langue et littérature en Vallée d’Aoste au XVIe siècle, Système Valdôtain des Bibliothèques.
- ↑ Une Vallée d’Aoste bilingue dans une Europe plurilingue, Fondation Émile Chanoux.
- ↑ Statut spécial de la Vallée d'Aoste, Article 38, Title VI, Weblink, access date: 5-11-2012.
- ↑ OIF 2014, p. 12.
- ↑ Assessorat de l'éducation et la culture de la région autonome Vallée d'Aoste - Département de la surintendance des écoles, Profil de la politique linguistique éducative, Le Château éd., 2009, p. 20.
- ↑ Patoisvda.org : géographie du francoprovençal.
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