Aphaenogaster

Aphaenogaster Temporal range: Lutetian - Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N

A. swammerdami worker
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Myrmicinae
Tribe:	Stenammini
Genus:	Aphaenogaster Mayr, 1853
Type species
Aphaenogaster sardoa Mayr, 1853
Diversity^[1]
200 species
Synonyms
Deromyrma Forel, 1913 Nystalomyrma Wheeler, 1916

Aphaenogaster is a genus of myrmicine ants. About 200 species have been described, including 18 fossil species.^[1] They occur worldwide except from South America and Southern Africa.

They are often confused with Pheidole or Pheidologeton. These two have major and minor workers, while Aphaenogaster has only a single worker caste. Pheidole has a 3-segmented club on its antenna, while Aphaenogaster has four segments and a larger body size. Pheidologeton has an 11-segmented antenna, while the antenna in Aphaenogaster is 12-segmented.^[2]

In Australia, they often build dense, conspicuous nests.^[3] Nest entrances are generally funnel-shaped with diameters of up to 4 cm, which resulted in the common name funnel ants. These nests can be a serious problem for golfers or on pastures and unsealed airstrips, because the fragile surface easily collapses under pressure.^[2] Where it occurs, Aphaenogaster bioturbation is an important soil and landscape process.^[3]

Aphaenogaster probably gets most of its food from tended aphids on the roots of plants, which explains that they are rarely seen on the surface. The funnel-shaped openings could play a role in trapping arthropods, which are also eaten.^[2]

Species

A. aktaci Kiran & Tezcan, 2008
†A. amphioceanica De Andrade, 1995^[4]
A. angulata Viehmeyer, 1922
A. annandalei Mukerjee, 1930
†A. antiqua Dlussky & Perkovsky, 2002
A. araneoides Emery, 1890
†A. archaica (Meunier, 1915)
A. ashmeadi (Emery, 1895)
A. atlantis Santschi, 1929
†A. avita Fujiyama, 1970^[5]
A. balcanica (Emery, 1898)
A. balcanicoides Boer, 2013
A. baogong Terayama, 2009
A. barbara Shattuck, 2008
A. barbigula Wheeler, 1916
A. baronii Cagniant, 1988
A. beccarii Emery, 1887
A. beesoni Donisthorpe, 1933
A. boulderensis Smith, 1941
A. burri (Donisthorpe, 1950)
A. caeciliae Viehmeyer, 1922
A. campana Emery, 1878
A. cardenai Espadaler, 1981
A. carolinensis Wheeler, 1915
A. cavernicola Donisthorpe, 1938
A. cecconii Emery, 1894
A. concolor Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
A. cristata (Forel, 1902)
A. crocea André, 1881
A. curiosa Santschi, 1933
A. dejeani Cagniant, 1982
A. depilis Santschi, 1911
A. depressa Bolton, 1995
A. dlusskyi Radchenko & Arakelian, 1991
A. donann Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
†A. donisthorpei Carpenter, 1930^[6]
A. dromedaria (Emery, 1900)
A. dulciniae Emery, 1924
†A. dumetora (Lin, 1982)
A. edentula Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
A. epirotes (Emery, 1895)
A. erabu Nishizono & Yamane, 1990
A. espadaleri Cagniant, 1984
A. exasperata Wheeler, 1921
A. fabulosa Arnol'di, 1968
A. fallax Cagniant, 1992
A. famelica (Smith, 1874)
A. faureli Cagniant, 1969
A. feae Emery, 1889
A. fengbo Terayama, 2009
A. festae Emery, 1915
A. finzii Müller, 1921
A. flemingi Smith, 1928
A. floridana Smith, 1941
A. foreli Cagniant, 1996
A. friederichsi Forel, 1918
A. fulva Roger, 1863
A. geei Wheeler, 1921
A. gemella (Roger, 1862)
A. georgica Arnol'di, 1968
A. gibbosa (Latreille, 1798)
A. gonacantha (Emery, 1899)
A. gracillima Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
A. graeca Schulz, 1994
A. haarlovi Collingwood, 1961
A. hesperia Santschi, 1911
A. holtzi (Emery, 1898)
A. honduriana Mann, 1922
A. huachucana Creighton, 1934
A. hunanensis Wu & Wang, 1992
A. iberica Emery, 1908
A. incurviclypea Wang & Zheng, 1997
A. inermita Bolton, 1995
A. iranica Kiran & Alipanah, 2013
A. irrigua Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
A. isekram Bernard, 1977
A. italica Bondroit, 1918
A. januschevi Arnol'di, 1976
A. japonica Forel, 1911
A. karpathica Boer, 2013
A. kervillei Forel, 1910
A. kimberleyensis Shattuck, 2008
A. koniari Cagniant & Galkowski, 2013
A. kumejimana Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
A. kurdica Ruzsky, 1905
A. laevior Emery, 1887
A. lamellidens Mayr, 1886
†A. lapidescens Zhang, 1989
A. ledouxi Tohmé, 1969
A. lepida Wheeler, 1930
A. lesbica Forel, 1913
A. leveillei Emery, 1881
†A.? longaeva (Scudder, 1877)^[7]^[6]
A. longiceps (Smith, 1858)
A. loriai (Emery, 1897)
A. lustrans Smith, 1961
A. luteipes Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
†A. maculata Théobald, 1937
A. maculifrons Kiran & Tezcan, 2008
†A. maculipes Théobald, 1937
A. mariae Forel, 1886
A. mauritanica Dalla Torre, 1893
†A. mayri Carpenter, 1930^[6]
A. mediterrae Shattuck, 2008
A. megommata Smith, 1963
A. melitensis Santschi, 1933
†A. mersa Wheeler, 1915
A. messoroides Dlussky, Soyunov & Zabelin, 1990
A. mexicana (Pergande, 1896)
A. miamiana Wheeler, 1932
A. miniata Cagniant, 1990
A. minutula Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
A. muelleriana Wolf, 1915
A. mutica Pergande, 1896
A. nadigi Santschi, 1923
A. obsidiana (Mayr, 1861)
A. occidentalis (Emery, 1895)
†A. oligocenica Wheeler, 1915
A. opposita (Say, 1836)
A. osimensis Teranishi, 1940
A. ovaticeps (Emery, 1898)
A. pallescens Walker, 1871
A. pallida (Nylander, 1849)
†A. paludosa Zhang, 1989
†A. pannonica Bachmayer, 1960
A. patruelis Forel, 1886
A. perplexa Smith, 1961
A. phalangium Emery, 1890
A. phillipsi Wheeler & Mann, 1916
A. picea (Wheeler, 1908)
A. picena Baroni Urbani, 1971
A. polyodonta Zhou, 2001
A. poultoni Crawley, 1922
A. praedo Emery, 1908
A. praenoda Santschi, 1933
†A. praerelicta De Andrade, 1995^[4]
A. projectens Donisthorpe, 1947
A. pumilopuncta Zhou, 2001
A. punctaticeps MacKay, 1989
A. pythia Forel, 1915
A. quadrispina Emery, 1911
A. radchenkoi Kiran & Tezcan, 2008
A. reichelae Shattuck, 2008
A. relicta Wheeler & Mann, 1914
A. rhaphidiiceps (Mayr, 1877)
A. rifensis Cagniant, 1994
A. rothneyi (Forel, 1902)
A. rudis Enzmann, 1947
A. rugosoferruginea Forel, 1889
A. rugulosa Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
A. rupestris Forel, 1909
A. sagei (Forel, 1902)
A. saharensis Bernard, 1953
A. sangiorgii (Emery, 1901)
A. sardoa Mayr, 1853
A. schmidti Karavaiev, 1912
A. schurri (Forel, 1902)
A. semipolita (Nylander, 1856)
A. senilis Mayr, 1853
†A. shanwangensis (Hong, 1984)
A. sicardi Cagniant, 1990
A. sicula Emery, 1908
A. simonellii Emery, 1894
A. smythiesii (Forel, 1902)
†A. sommerfeldti Mayr, 1868
A. spinosa Emery, 1878
A. splendida (Roger, 1859)
A. sporadis Santschi, 1933
A. striativentris Forel, 1895
A. strioloides Forel, 1890
A. subcostata Viehmeyer, 1922
A. subexaperata Zhou, 2001
A. subterranea (Latreille, 1798)
A. subterraneoides Emery, 1881
A. swammerdami Forel, 1886
A. syriaca Emery, 1908
A. takahashii Wheeler, 1930
A. tennesseensis (Mayr, 1862)
A. testaceopilosa (Lucas, 1849)
A. texana Wheeler, 1915
A. theryi Santschi, 1923
A. tibetana Donisthorpe, 1929
A. tinauti Cagniant, 1992
A. tipuna Forel, 1913
A. tokarainsulana Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
A. torossiani Cagniant, 1988
A. treatae Forel, 1886
A. turkestanica Arnol'di, 1976
A. uinta Wheeler, 1917
A. ujhelyii Szabó, 1910
A. umphreyi Deyrup & Davis, 1998
A. wangtian Terayama, 2009
A. wangye Terayama, 2009
A. weigoldi Viehmeyer, 1922
A. weulersseae Cagniant, 1989
A. wilsoni Cagniant, 1988
A. xuatian Terayama, 2009

A. lepida worker and male

References

1 2 Bolton, B. (2014). "Aphaenogaster". AntCat. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
1 2 3 Genus Aphaenogaster
1 2 Richards, P.J. (2009) Aphaenogaster ants as bioturbators: impacts on soil and slope processes. Earth-Science Reviews 96: 92-106.
1 2 De Andrade, M. L. (1995). "The ant genus Aphaenogaster in Dominican and Mexican amber (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. IX: Pheidolini)". Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde (B) 223: 1–11.
↑ Fujiyama, I. (1970). "Fossil insects from the Chojabaru Formation, Iki Island, Japan". Memoires of the Natural Science Museum, Tokyo 3: 65–74.
1 2 3 Carpenter, F. M. (1930). "The fossil ants of North America." (PDF). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 70: 1–66.
↑ Scudder, S. H. (1890). "The Tertiary insects of North America.". United States Geological Survey of the Territories, Washington: 615.

External links

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