Black scabbardfish

Black scabbardfish
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Trichiuridae
Genus: Aphanopus
Species: A. carbo
Binomial name
Aphanopus carbo
Lowe, 1839
Black scabbardfish at Funchal market, Madeira

The black scabbardfish, Aphanopus carbo, is a bathypelagic cutlassfish of the family Trichiuridae found in the Atlantic Ocean between latitudes 69° N and 27° N at depths of between 180 to 1,700 m (591 to 5,577 ft).[1] Its length is up to 110 cm (3.6 ft), but it reaches maturity at around 80 to 85 cm (2.62 to 2.79 ft).

Description

The black scabbardfish is a fish with a body that is extremely elongated. The body height is about one-eight of the standard length, which is up to 1.1 m (3.6 ft). The snout is large with strong fang-like teeth. The dorsal fin has 34 to 41 spines and 52 to 56 soft rays. The anal fin has 2 spines and 43 to 48 soft rays. The pelvic fins are represented by a single spine in juveniles but are entirely absent in adults. The color is a coppery black with an iridescent tint. The inside of the mouth and gill cavities are black. Juveniles are believed to be mesopelagic,[2] living at depths from 100 to 500 m (328 to 1,640 ft).

Biology

The black scabbardfish is bathypelagic by day but moves upwards in the water column at night to feed at middle depths on crustaceans, cephalopods and other fishes, mostly grenadiers, codlings (family Moridae) and naked heads (family Alepocephalidae). The black scabbardfish coexists spatially with aphanopus intermedius Parin, which is a species commonly known as the intermediate scabbardfish. The narrow, elongated body of the black scabbardfish, along with its pointed head and long dorsal fin, are adapted for fast swimming. This fish has a large terminal mouth with large fang like teeth for efficient predation. In order to camouflage well, it has a coppery-black coloration with an iridescent tint. The fish’s large eyes which have a diameter of 1/5-1/6 of the head length, are of such a large size to facilitate sight in low light.[3] They become sexually mature at a length of about 80 cm (31 in). Both the eggs and the larvae are pelagic, drifting with the plankton.[2] In general, the size distribution moves towards higher values from north to south of the NE Atlantic.[3] Eggs and larval stages of this fish are unknown and juvenile fish are rarely caught.[4] Juveniles, however, are reported to be mesopelagic. The life cycle of black scabbardfish is unknown, but the most common hypothesis is that one single stock undertakes a large scale clockwise migration around the NE atlantic. Spawning is restricted to certain areas including Madeira, the Canary Islands, and possibly further south. The juvenile black scabbardfish stay to feed and grow for a few years in the fisheries south of the Faroe Islands and the west of the British Isles. Afterwards, the juveniles then move south towards mainland Portugal and even further south to the spawning areas. The most recent studies indicate that the maximum age of the black scabbardfish from Madeira was about 14 years and the maximum age in Mainland Portugal was about 12 years. As opposed to most shelf demersal and pelagic commercial fish, the black scabbardfish exhibit a slow growth rate in adults. This slow growth rate results from energy investment of growth and reproduction.[3]

Reproduction

The black scabbardfish is an iteroparious species, meaning it can spawn multiple times throughout its life. It is also a total spawner, meaning that it releases all of its eggs in one single event per breeding season. It also exhibits determinate fecundity, meaning that all of the eggs are oocytes in the ovary before spawning. The females are expected to be able to spawn for a period of 8 years., however, skip spawning may occur. If non-reproductive males are mixed with spawning adults, the females will choose to allocate their energy towards large scale migration and growth and participate in skip spawning. The mature and spawning adult fish have only been observed in the last quarter of year in certain set of locations including Madeira, the Canaries, and the northwest coast of Africa. The gonadosomatic index is higher for the same body length in the black scabbardfish located around Madeira as opposed to off Mainland Portugal or to the west of the British Isles. This occurrence may be due to the areas lacking intrinsic and extrinsic factors that condition the maturity process in these areas.[3] According to recent studies, developing females are dominant from April to August, and the reproduction period lasts from September to December with a prevalent number of pre-spawning and spawning females during this period. From December to March the majority of females are post-spawning. As for developing males their presence in seen throughout the year, however, mainly from March to August. Pre-spawning males are more abundant from July to November. Similar to the females, post-spawning males are prevalent from December to April. Generally, developing females are prevalent in Madeiran waters around spring and their reproductive cycles continue in this area, whereas mainland Portugal females begin to suffer from a generalized atresia from July on.[4]

Diet

Black scabbardfish have 35 or more prey categories, including crustaceans, cephalopods, mesopelagic fish, shrimps, teleost fish, and blue whiting. Blue whiting may be a preferred prey; other mesopelagic fish are also preferred. When black scabbardfish are not feeding on these, they may chase after baitfish, feasting on Sardina pilchardus, Scomber colias, or squid.[5][6]

Parasitic infection

The black scabbardfish is a suitable host for the parasite known as Anisakis. This is mainly due to the fishes’ diet of infected hosts such as crustaceans (euphausiids, copepods and amphipods), fish and cephalopods. This parasite is a nematode that is capable of entering the hosts stomach wall or intestines. Scientists can and have used these parasites to track where the black scabbardfish has traveled. The parasite Anisakis is commonly used for tracking since they are prevalent in waters nearby Portugal and the Madeira Islands.[7] A study has been conducted on the infectivity of the Anisakis app. Larvae (Nematoda: Aniskidae) in the black scabbardfish near Portuguese waters. The three regions that were observed in the study was the mainland coast of Portugal, Madeira, and Azores. The mainland and Madeira regions were observed throughout four seasons by scientists and the Azores was observed in two seasons. In all fish observed all were infected by Anisakis L3 larvae.[8] Consumption of raw or under cooked black scabbard fish can result in health complications for humans. The only reliable treatment for a human affected with Anisakiasis is the removal of the nematodes through endoscopy, or surgery.[9]

Migration and habitat

The black scabbardfish can be found throughout the NE Atlantic in differing stages of growth through its life. This fish performs a clockwise migration during its life cycle driven by reproduction and feeding habits.[10] The black scabbardfish spawns near the Madeira Islands and the Canary Archipelago during the months of October through December. It has been hypothesized that they then head north to cooler waters where they will feed and grow. Upon reaching adulthood, they will then move south again to the waters off Portugal until they are of reproductive maturity age when they will then return to their spawning grounds.[11] There is some debate on the spawning areas of the black scabbardfish. Though the Madeira spawning area is well known, there may be some other spawning areas off the northwestern coast of Africa as mature females have been found in this region during the reproductive time of its life cycle.[12]

Economic value

The black scabbardfish is of economic importance to fisheries associated with countries of the Iberian Peninsula, and especially with the Madeira Islands where they are prized for food.[1] The black scabbardfish is also fished around areas of Iceland, France, Ireland and around some areas around the Canary Islands. Because of its good flesh quality, it usually fetches high prices. The Black Scabbard fish, along with the crab are the two most sought after sea products for consumption in the Madeira Islands and Portugal and therefore play a huge economic role in these locations. In areas in Portuguese waters the black scabbardfish has traditionally been caught by line gears.[13] In the NE Atlantic around the areas of France and Ireland the fish are caught by trawlers. The black scabbardfish, has high economic value in areas such as Portugal, it is the most important deep-water fish exploited, and landings of the black scabbardfish increased from 2700 tonnes per year between the years of 1988 and 1993 and around the year of 2000 and increased to 2900 tonnes in landings obtained in the year of 2007. In the last decade alone landings of the black scabbard fish have increased to about 6000 tonnes, 3000 tonnes in Madeira and 3000 tonnes in mainland Portugal.[14]

Consumption and health

Despite having huge market value and a strong hold in the typical Southern European diet, there are several health risks associated with consumption of the black scabbardish due to the presence of several toxic metals found within the fish including lead, mercury, and cadmium. Even in very small quantities, these metals can be deadly to humans if consumed. However, according to standards set by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agricultural Organization, as long as the liver is not consumed there are no real health risks in consuming the Black Scabbardish as long as it is done in moderation. 'The levels of toxic metals found in the fish were as follows... Liver: between 2.37 mg/kg and 4.5 mg/kg of mercury found Skin: between 0.36 mg/kg and 0.59 mg/kg of mercury found. 0.11 mg/kg of cadmium found. muscles: 0.9 mg/kg mercury found. 0.09 mg/kg maximum candmium levels found. In every sample, the lead found was less than 0.10 mg/kg.[15] Black scabbardfish are known hosts to Anisakis. Eating raw or undercooked black scabbardfish could result in a parasitic infection known as Anisakiasis, and the only way this condition can be treated is by removal of the nematodes through endoscopy, or surgery.

Conservation

The black scabbardfish are deep-sea creatures, existing in abundance in between 800 and 1300 meters deep. They are mainly captured in mixed trawl fisheries along with other deep-water species, and are highly vulnerable to overfishing.[16] The Marine Conservation Society ranks this species as a number five out of five on the sustainability chart. This means that the species is vital to their ecosystem. Preservation of this species is highly recommended. However, this species is of high commercial importance, with annual catches reaching up to 14,000 tonnes. ICES Journal of Marine Science have noted that the high abundances of this species are declining in some areas of the Northeast Atlantic.[17]

References

  1. 1 2 Moralez-Nin, Beatriz; Sena-Carvalho, Dalila (1996). "Age and growth of the black scabbard fish (Aphanopus carbo) off Madeira.". Fisheries Research 25: 239–251. doi:10.1016/0165-7836(95)00432-7.
  2. 1 2 "Aphanopus carbo Lowe, 1839: Black scabbardfish". FishBase. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Farias, Ines; Morales-Nin, Beatriz; Lorance, Pascal; Figueiredo, Ivone (24 July 2013). "Black scabbardfish, Aphanopus carbo, in the northeast Atlantic: distribution and hypothetical migratory cycle". Aquatic Living Resources.
  4. 1 2 Neves, Ana; Vieira, Ana Rita; Farias, Ines; Figueierdo, Ivone; Sequeira, Vera; Gordo, Leonel Serrano (December 2009). "Reproductive strategies in black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo Lowe, 1839) from the NE Atlantic". Scientia Marina.
  5. ↑ Farias, Ines (2014). "Reproductive and feeding spatial dynamics of the black scabbardfish, Aphanopus carbo Lowe, 1839, in NE Atlantic inferred from fatty acid and stable isotope analyses.". Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 89: 84–93. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.010.
  6. ↑ Santos, Ana Ribeiro (2013). "Trophic ecology of black scabbardfish, Aphanopus carbo in the NE Atlantic—Assessment through stomach content and stable isotope analyses". Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 77: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2013.02.009.
  7. ↑ http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-75149174911&origin=inward&txGid=F7EFA1E3D8AFE26C151A8C2AF9614AD4.N5T5nM1aaTEF8rE6yKCR3A%3a40. Missing or empty |title= (help); External link in |website= (help);
  8. ↑ http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-75349086621&origin=inward&txGid=F7EFA1E3D8AFE26C151A8C2AF9614AD4.N5T5nM1aaTEF8rE6yKCR3A%3a31. Missing or empty |title= (help); External link in |website= (help);
  9. ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/anisakiasis/. Missing or empty |title= (help); External link in |website= (help);
  10. ↑ Farias, Ines; Figueiredo, Ivone; Janeiro, Ana Isabel; Bandarra, Narcisa Maria; Batista, Irineu; Morales-Nin, Beatriz (Jul 2014). "Reproductive and feeding spatial dynamics of the black scabbardfish, Aphanopus carbo Lowe, 1839, in NE Atlantic inferred from fatty acid and stable isotope analyses". Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 89: 84–93. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.010.
  11. ↑ Farias, Ines; Morales-Nin, Beatriz; Lorance, Pascal; Figueiredo, Ivone (Oct 2013). "Black scabbardfish, Aphanopus carbo, in the northeast Atlantic: distribution and hypothetical migratory cycle". Aquatic Living Resources 26 (4): 333–342. doi:10.1051/alr/2013061.
  12. ↑ Gordo, Leonel Serrano; Baptista, Irineu; Carvalho, Lucilia; Costa, Valentina; Cruz, Cristina; Eiras, Jorge C.; Farias, Ines; Figueiredo, Ivone; Lourenco, Helena; Bordalo-Machado, Pedro; Neves, Ana; Nunes, Maria Leonor; Reis, Sara; Santos, Maria Joao; Saraiva, Aurelia; Vieira, Ana Rita (Dec 2009). "Stock structure of black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo Lowe, 1839) in the southern northeast Atlantic". Scientia Marina 73 (S2): 89–101. doi:10.3989/scimar.2009.73s2089.
  13. ↑ Bordalo-Machado, Pedro. "The black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo Lowe, 1839) fisheries from the Portuguese mainland and Madeira Island". SCI. MAR., 73S2, December 2009, 63-76. ISSN 0214-8358 doi: 10.3989/scimar.2009.73s2063. External link in |publisher= (help)
  14. ↑ Serrano Gordo, Leonal; Baptista, Irineu; Carvalho, Lucilia; Costa, Valentina; Cruz, Cristina; C. Eiras, Jorge; Farias, Ines; Figueiredo, Ivone; Lourenco, Helena; Bordalo-Machado, Pedro; Neves, Ana; Leonor Nunes, Maria; Reis, Sara; Joao Santos, Maria; Saraiva, Aurelia; Rita Vieira, Ana (December 2009). "Stock structure of black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo Lowe, 1839) in the southern northeast Atlantic". Scientia Marina. ISSN 0214-8358. Retrieved 2014-10-23.
  15. ↑ (Castro, Nunes, Dias, Lourenco, and Afonso 120-125)
  16. ↑ Pajuelo, J.G. ( 1,2 ), et al. “Biological Parameters Of The Bathyal Fish Black Scabbardfish (Aphanopus Carbo Lowe, 1839) Off the Canary Islands, Central-East Atlantic.” Fisheries Research 92.2-3 (2008): 140-147. Scopus®. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.
  17. ↑ Machete, M., T. Morato, and G. Menezes. “Experimental Fisheries For Black Scabbardfish (Aphanopus Carbo) In The Azores, Northeast Atlantic.” ICES Journal Of Marine Sciences 68.2 (2011): 302-308. Scopus®. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.
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