Aphthona

Aphthona
Flea beetle Aphthona flava
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Family:	Chrysomelidae
Subfamily:	Alticinae
Genus:	Aphthona Chevrolat, 1836[1]
Species
See text.

Aphthona is a genus of beetle, in the leaf beetle family Chrysomelidae, native to Europe and Asia. More specifically, Aphthona are flea beetles, meaning they have enlarged hind legs for jumping away from potential danger. There are 135 species known from the Palaearctic region.^[2]

This flea beetle genus is important because of the usefulness of some species in controlling leafy spurge, a major invasive weed in parts of western North America. Several Aphthona species have been taken from Europe and introduced into localized areas of the United States and Canada, and some success against the weed is being seen.^[3][4] The six species used for this purpose include A. abdominalis, A. cyparissiae, A. czwalinae, A. flava, A. nigriscutis, and A. lacerosa, though A. abdominalis apparently never established a viable population and was never introduced in Canada.^[5][6][7]

Effectiveness of Control

Control is generally thought to be effective, but results vary from site to site, which has been attributed to soilborn pathogens, phenology of spring, soil texture, and leafy spurge density. Control is less effective in sandy soils.^[8] Control may not be reliably observed and measured for 10 years or more.

Species

A. nonstriata

Aphthona abdominalis Aphthona aeneomicans Aphthona albertinae Aphthona alcina Aphthona atrocaerulea Aphthona atrovirens Aphthona beauprei Aphthona beckeri Aphthona biokovensis Aphthona bonvouloiri Aphthona carbonaria Aphthona chinchihi Aphthona coerulea Aphthona constantini Aphthona crassipes Aphthona cyparissiae Aphthona czwalinae Aphthona delicatula Aphthona depressa Aphthona erichsoni Aphthona espagnoli Aphthona euphorbiae Aphthona flava Aphthona flaviceps Aphthona franzi Aphthona fuentei Aphthona gracilis Aphthona herbigrada Aphthona illigeri Aphthona juliana Aphthona konstantinovi Aphthona kuntzei Aphthona lacertosa Aphthona lubischevi Aphthona lutescens Aphthona maculata

Aphthona maghrebina Aphthona maldesi Aphthona melancholica Aphthona microcephala Aphthona nigriceps Aphthona nigriscutis Aphthona nonstriata Aphthona occitana Aphthona ovata Aphthona pallida Aphthona parnassicola Aphthona perrisi Aphthona placida Aphthona plenifrons Aphthona poupillieri Aphthona punctiventris Aphthona pygmaea Aphthona reitteri Aphthona rhodiensis Aphthona rugipennis Aphthona sardea Aphthona sarmatica Aphthona semicyanea Aphthona seriata Aphthona sicelidis Aphthona signatifrons Aphthona stussineri Aphthona subovata Aphthona syriaca Aphthona testaceicornis Aphthona velachica Aphthona variolosa Aphthona vaulogeri Aphthona venustula Aphthona violacea Aphthona wagneri

External links

References

1. Andris Bukejs. "To the knowledge of flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) of the Latvian fauna. 4. Genus Aphthona Chevrolat, 1836" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Lituanica, 2009, Volumen 19, Numerus 3.
2. Gruev, B. and Döberl, M. 1997. General Distribution of the Flea Beetles in the Palaearctic Subregion (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Scopolia 37: 1–496.
3. Hodur, N.M., Leistritz, F.L., Bangsund, D.A., 2006. Biological control of leafy spurge: utilization and implementation. Range land Ecology & Management 59, 445–452.
4. Diane L. Larson, James B. Grace, Jennifer L. Larson. "Long-term dynamics of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and its biocontrol agent, flea beetles in the genus Aphthona". Biological Control 47 (2008) 250–256.
5. R. Roehrdanz , D. Olson, G. Fauske, R. Bourchier, A. Cortilet, S. Sears. "New DNA markers reveal presence of Aphthona species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) believed to have failed to establish after release into leafy spurge" (PDF). Biological Control 49 (2009) 1–5.
6. Anon (2006). "Ecology and management of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service, Invasive Species Technical Note No. MT-2.
7. Bourchier, R.S., Erb, S., McClay, A.S., Gassmann, A., 2002. Euphorbia esula (L.) leafy spurge and Euphorbia cyparissias (L.) cypress spurge (Euphorbiaceae). In: Mason, P., Huber, J. (Eds.), Biological Control Programmes Against Insect and Weeds in Canada 1981–2000. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, UK, pp. 346–358.
8. Laurie A. Richardson, Chelsea J. Juricek, Rodney G. Lym, Donald R. Kirby, and Dwight A. Tober. "Integrated Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Control Using Imazapic, Aphthona spp. Biological Control Agents, and Seeded Native Grasses" (PDF). Invasive Plant Science and Management 2008 1:255–264.