Apion

Apion (Greek: Ἀπίων; 30-20 BC – c. AD 45-48^[1]) was a Hellenized Egyptian^[2] grammarian, sophist, and commentator on Homer, was born at the Siwa Oasis, and flourished in the first half of the 1st century AD. His name is sometimes incorrectly spelt Appion, and some sources, as in the Suda, call him a son of Pleistoneices, while others more correctly state that Pleistoneices was only a surname, and that he was the son of Poseidonius.^[3][4][5]

Life

Apion studied at Alexandria, under Apollonius, the son of Archibius, and Didymus, from whom he inherited his love for the Homeric poems.^[6][7] He settled in Rome at an unknown date, and taught rhetoric as the successor of the grammarian Theon until the reign of Claudius.^[8]

He appears to have enjoyed an extraordinary reputation for his extensive knowledge and his versatility as an orator; but the ancients are unanimous in censuring his ostentatious vanity.^[9][10][11] He declared that every one whom he mentioned in his works would be immortalized; he placed himself by the side of the greatest philosophers of ancient Greece, and used to say, that Alexandria ought to be proud of having a man like himself among its citizens. It is not unlikely that the Name cymlbalum mundi, by which Tiberius was accustomed to call him, was meant to express both his loquacity and his boastful character. He is spoken of as the most active of grammarians, and the surname Mochthos (μόχθος) which he bore, according to the Suda, is usually explained as describing the zeal and labour with which he prosecuted his studies.

In the reign of Caligula he travelled about in Greece, and was received everywhere with the highest honours as the great interpreter of Homer. About the same time, 38 AD, the inhabitants of Alexandria raised complaints against the Jews residing in their city, and endeavored to curtail their rights and privileges. They sent an embassy to the emperor Caligula, which was headed by Apion, for he was a skillful speaker and known to entertain a great hatred of the Jews. The latter also sent an embassy, which was headed by Philo. In this transaction Apion appears to have overstepped the limits of his commission, for he not only brought forward the complaints of his fellow-citizens, but endeavored to excite the emperor's anger against the Jews by reminding him that they refused to erect statues to him and to swear by his sacred name. The results of this embassy, as well as the remaining part of Apion's life, are unknown; but if we may believe the account of his enemy Josephus,^[12] he died of a disease which he had brought upon himself by his dissolute mode of life.

Works

He wrote several works, none of which has survived. The well-known story "Androclus and the Lion", which is preserved in Aulus Gellius^[13] is from his work: Aegyptiaca ("Wonders of Egypt"). The surviving fragments of his work are printed in the Etymologicum Gudianum, ed. Sturz, 1818.

• Upon Homer, whose poems seem to have formed the principal part of his studies, for he is said not only to have made the best recension of the text of the poems, but to have written explanations of phrases and words in the form of a dictionary (Λέξεις Ὁμηρικαί), and investigations concerning the life and native country of the poet. The best part of his Λέξεις Ὁμηρικαί are supposed to be incorporated in the Homneric Lexicon of Apollonius.^[14] Apion's labors upon Homer are often referred to by Eustathius and other grammarians.
• A work on Egypt (Αἰγυπτιακά) consisting of five books, which was highly valued in antiquity, for it contained descriptions of nearly all the remarkable objects in Egypt. It also contained numerous attacks upon the Jews.^[15][16][17]
• A work against the Jews. A reply to these attacks is made by Josephus, in the second book of his work usually called Against Apion (Κατὰ Ἀπίωνος), and this reply is the only source from which we learn anything about the character of Apion's work.
• A work in praise of Alexander the Great.^[18]
• Histories of separate countries. (Ἱστορία κατὰ ἔθνος, Suda s. v. Ἀπίων.)
• On the celebrated glutton Apicius.^[19]
• On the Dialect of the Pomaikes (Περὶ τῆς Πωμαϊκῆς διαλέκτου).^[20]
• De metallica discipline.^[21]
• Andoclus and the Lion and The Dolphin near Dicaearchia. The greatest fragments of the works of Apion are the story about Androclus and his lion, and about the dolphin near Dicaearchia.

Epigrams

In the Suda we find references to Apion as a writer of epigrams (s. vv. Ἀγύρτης, σπιλάδες, σφάραγον, and τρίγληνα), but whether he is the same as the grammarian is uncertain.

Notes

1. Adler, et al. (Eds.) Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), retrieved from JewishEncyclopedia.com, "Apion."
2. David Dawson, Allegorical Readers and Cultural Revision in Ancient Alexandria By David Dawson, (University of California Press, 1992), 117.
3. Aulus Gellius, 'Attic Nights' Book V, XIV(1)
4. Senec. Epist. 88
5. Euseb. Praep. Evang. 10.10
6. Suda, s. v. Ἀπίων
7. Josephus, Against Apion 2.3, &c.
8. Hazel, John Who's who in the Roman World books.google.com. Accessed 2009-4-10.
9. Gel. 5.14
10. Pliny the Elder, Natural History Praef. and 30.6
11. Josephus, Against Apion 2.12
12. Josephus, Against Apion 2.13
13. Aulus Gellius. Attic Nights V.xiv
14. Villoison, Proleg. ad Apollon. p. ix. &c.
15. Euseb. Praep. Evang. 10.10
16. Gel. 5.14
17. Pliny the Elder, Natural History 37.19
18. Gel. 6.8
19. Athen. 7.294, xv. p. 680
20. Athen. 7.294, xv. p. 680
21. Plin. Elench. lib. xxxv

References

• Cynthia Damon, "'The Mind of an Ass and the Impudence of a Dog:' A Scholar Gone Bad," in Ineke Sluiter and Ralph M. Rosen (eds), Kakos: Badness and Anti-value in Classical Antiquity (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2008) (Mnemosyne: Supplements. History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity, 307),

External links

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Apion". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Jewish Encyclopedia on Apion
• Josephus Against Apion by Dr. Henry Abramson

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Leonhard Schmitz (1870). "Apion". In Smith, William. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology 1. p. 226.