Apistogramma
Apistogramma | |
---|---|
Apistogramma agassizii | |
Apistogramma nijsseni | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Perciformes |
Family: | Cichlidae |
Subfamily: | Geophaginae |
Genus: | Apistogramma Regan, 1913 |
Type species | |
Mesops taeniatus Günther, 1862 | |
Synonyms | |
Heterogramma Regan, 1906 |
Apistogramma is a genus of approximately a hundred species of fish from the family Cichlidae. They are found east of the Andes in tropical and subtropical South America, ranging as far south as northern Argentina. The greatest species richness is in the Amazon Basin. Apistogramma literally means "irregular lateral line" referring to a common trait of the species under this taxon. Most species are strongly sexually dimorphic, with males generally larger (up to 7 to 9 cm) and differently coloured to females. But in a few species this pattern is reverse. All Apistogramma species are micropredators. Their main prey items consist of fry of other fish, insect larvae and other invertebrates. Apistogramma species are popular aquarium residents, particularly in community or planted aquariums.
Breeding
Brood care is highly developed, as in most Cichlidae. Nearly all Apistogramma species spawn in caves, typically under rocks or in holes in sunken logs or branches. In the recently described species Apistogramma barlowi both females and (less frequent) males are mouthbrooding. A number of breeding strategies exist. Some species breed in polygamous harems, while other species form monogamous pairs. In most cases, regardless of the breeding strategy, the female is more highly involved with brood care, whilst the male defends a territory from predators. The sex of the fry is affected by the water conditions, with warmer and more acid water favoring more males.
Species
There are currently 91 recognized species in this genus:
- Apistogramma acrensis Staeck, 2003
- Apistogramma agassizii (Steindachner, 1875) (Agassiz's dwarf cichlid)
- Apistogramma aguarico U. Römer & I. Hahn, 2013 [1]
- Apistogramma alacrina S. O. Kullander, 2004
- Apistogramma allpahuayo U. Römer, Beninde, Duponchelle, Vela Díaz, H. Ortega, I. Hahn, D. P. Soares, Díaz Cachay, García-Dávila, Sirvas Cornejo & Renno, 2012 [2]
- Apistogramma amoena (Cope, 1872) (Pleasant cichlid)
- Apistogramma angayuara S. O. Kullander & E. F. G. Ferreira, 2005
- Apistogramma arua U. Römer & Warzel, 1998
- Apistogramma atahualpa U. Römer, 1997
- Apistogramma baenschi U. Römer, I. Hahn, E. Römer, D. P. Soares & Wöhler, 2004
- Apistogramma barlowi U. Römer, & I. Hahn, 2008
- Apistogramma bitaeniata Pellegrin, 1936
- Apistogramma borellii (Regan, 1906) (Umbrella cichlid)
- Apistogramma brevis S. O. Kullander, 1980
- Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedeman, 1951 (Cockatoo cichlid)
- Apistogramma caetei S. O. Kullander, 1980
- Apistogramma caudomaculata Mesa S. & Lasso A., 2011
- Apistogramma cinilabra U. Römer, Duponchelle, Vela Díaz, García-Dávila, Sirvas Cornejo, Díaz Cachay & Renno, 2011
- Apistogramma commbrae (Regan, 1906) (Corumba cichlid)
- Apistogramma cruzi S. O. Kullander, 1986
- Apistogramma diplotaenia S. O. Kullander, 1987
- Apistogramma eleutheria H. R. Varella & Britzke, 2016 [3]
- Apistogramma elizabethae S. O. Kullander, 1980
- Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready & S. O. Kullander, 2004
- Apistogramma erythura Staeck & I. Schindler, 2008
- Apistogramma eunotus S. O. Kullander, 1981
- Apistogramma feconat U. Römer, D. P. Soares, García-Dávila, Duponchelle, Renno & I. Hahn, 2015 [4]
- Apistogramma flabellicauda Mesa S. & Lasso A., 2011
- Apistogramma flavipedunculata H. R. Varella & Britzke, 2016 [3]
- Apistogramma geisleri Meinken, 1971
- Apistogramma gephyra S. O. Kullander, 1980
- Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken, 1969
- Apistogramma gossei S. O. Kullander, 1982
- Apistogramma guttata Antonio C., S. O. Kullander & Lasso A., 1989
- Apistogramma helkeri I. Schindler & Staeck, 2013 [5]
- Apistogramma hippolytae S. O. Kullander, 1982
- Apistogramma hoignei Meinken, 1965
- Apistogramma hongsloi S. O. Kullander, 1979
- Apistogramma huascar U. Römer, Pretor & I. Hahn, 2006
- Apistogramma inconspicua S. O. Kullander, 1983
- Apistogramma iniridae S. O. Kullander, 1979
- Apistogramma inornata Staeck, 2003
- Apistogramma intermedia Mesa S. & Lasso A., 2011
- Apistogramma juruensis S. O. Kullander, 1986
- Apistogramma kullanderi H. R. Varella & Sabaj Pérez, 2014 [6]
- Apistogramma lineata Mesa S. & Lasso A., 2011
- Apistogramma linkei Koslowski, 1985
- Apistogramma luelingi S. O. Kullander, 1976
- Apistogramma macmasteri S. O. Kullander, 1979
- Apistogramma martini U. Römer, I. Hahn, E. Römer, D. P. Soares & Wöhler, 2003
- Apistogramma megaptera Mesa S. & Lasso A., 2011
- Apistogramma meinkeni S. O. Kullander, 1980
- Apistogramma mendezi U. Römer, 1994
- Apistogramma minima Mesa S. & Lasso A., 2011
- Apistogramma moae S. O. Kullander, 1980
- Apistogramma nijsseni S. O. Kullander, 1979
- Apistogramma norberti Staeck, 1991
- Apistogramma nororientalis Mesa S. & Lasso A., 2011
- Apistogramma ortegai Britzke, C. de Oliveira & S. O. Kullander, 2014 [7]
- Apistogramma ortmanni (C. H. Eigenmann, 1912)
- Apistogramma panduro U. Römer, 1997
- Apistogramma pantalone U. Römer, E. Römer, D. P. Soares & I. Hahn, 2006
- Apistogramma paucisquamis S. O. Kullander & Staeck, 1988
- Apistogramma paulmuelleri U. Römer, Beninde, Duponchelle, García-Dávila, Vela Díaz & Renno, 2013 [8]
- Apistogramma payaminonis S. O. Kullander, 1986 [4]
- Apistogramma pedunculata Mesa S. & Lasso A., 2011
- Apistogramma personata S. O. Kullander, 1980
- Apistogramma pertensis (Haseman, 1911) (Amazon dwarf cichlid)
- Apistogramma piaroa Mesa S. & Lasso A., 2011
- Apistogramma piauiensis S. O. Kullander, 1980
- Apistogramma playayacu U. Römer, Beninde & I. Hahn, 2011
- Apistogramma pleurotaenia (Regan, 1909)
- Apistogramma pulchra S. O. Kullander, 1980
- Apistogramma regani S. O. Kullander, 1980
- Apistogramma resticulosa S. O. Kullander, 1980
- Apistogramma rositae U. Römer, E. Römer & I. Hahn, 2006
- Apistogramma rubrolineata Hein, Zarske & J. Zapata, 2002
- Apistogramma rupununi Fowler, 1914 (Two-spot apistogramma)
- Apistogramma salpinction S. O. Kullander & E. J. G. Ferreira, 2005
- Apistogramma similis Staeck, 2003
- Apistogramma staecki Koslowski, 1985
- Apistogramma steindachneri (Regan, 1908)
- Apistogramma taeniata (Günther, 1862)
- Apistogramma trifasciata (C. H. Eigenmann & C. H. Kennedy, 1903)
- Apistogramma tucurui Staeck, 2003
- Apistogramma uaupesi S. O. Kullander, 1980
- Apistogramma urteagai S. O. Kullander, 1986
- Apistogramma velifera Staeck, 2003
- Apistogramma viejita S. O. Kullander, 1979
- Apistogramma wapisana U. Römer, I. Hahn & A. Conrad, 2006
- Apistogramma wolli U. Römer, D. P. Soares, García-Dávila, Duponchelle, Renno & I. Hahn, 2015 [4]
References
- ↑ Römer, U. & Hahn, I. (2013): Apistogramma aguarico sp. n.: A new species of geophagine cichlid fish (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Ecuadorian and Peruvian río Napo system Vertebrate Zoology, 63 (2): 171-181.
- ↑ Römer, U., Beninde, J., Duponchelle, F., Vela Díaz, A., Ortega, H., Hahn, I., Soares, D.P., Cachay, C.D., Dávila, C.R.G., Cornejo, S.S. & Renno, J.-F. (2012): Description of Apistogramma allpahuayo sp. n., a new dwarf cichlid species (Teleostei: Perciformes: Geophaginae) from in and around the Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo Mishana, Loreto, Peru. Vertebrate Zoology, 62 (2): 189–212.
- 1 2 Varella, H.R. & Britzke, R. (2016): Apistogramma eleutheria and A. flavipedunculata, two new species of dwarf cichlids from the rio Curuá on Serra do Cachimbo, Brazil (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 27 (1): 81-95.
- 1 2 3 Römer, U., Soares, D.P., Dávila, C.R.G., Duponchelle, F., Renno, J.-F. & Hahn, I. (2015). "Re-description of Apistogramma payaminonis Kullander, 1986, with descriptions of two new cichlid species of the genus Apistogramma (Teleostei, Perciformes, Geophaginae) from northern Peru" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology, 65 (3): 305–332.
- ↑ Schindler, I. & Staeck, W. (2013): Description of Apistogramma helkeri sp. n., a new geophagine dwarf cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the lower río Cuao (Orinoco drainage) in Venezuela. Vertebrate Zoology, 63 (3): 301-306.
- ↑ Varella, H.R. & Sabaj Pérez, M.H. (2014): A titan among dwarfs: Apistogramma kullanderi, new species (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 25 (3): 243-258.
- ↑ Britzke, R., Oliveira, C.d. & Kullander, S.O. (2014): Apistogramma ortegai (Teleostei: Cichlidae), a new species of cichlid fish from the Ampyiacu River in the Peruvian Amazon basin. Zootaxa, 3869 (4): 409–419.
- ↑ Römer, U., Beninde, J., Duponchelle, F., Dávila, C.R.G., Díaz, A.V. & Renno, J.-F. (2013): Description of Apistogramma paulmuelleri sp. n., a new geophagine cichlid species (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Amazon river basin in Loreto, Peru. Vertebrate Zoology, 63 (1): 15-34.