April 1901

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April 9, 1901: New U.S. $10 bill approved by Treasury Department

The following events occurred in April 1901:

April 1, 1901 (Monday)

• The United Kingdom Census 1901 was taken of all persons alive in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland at the beginning of that day, defined as those "returned as living at midnight on Sunday, March 31st". The total population of the England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland (including the Northern Ireland and what is now the Republic of Ireland) was 41,458,721, broken down as England and Wales (32,527,843); Scotland (19,439,155) and Ireland (20,710,593).^[1]
• Emilio Aguinaldo, formerly the leader of the Philippine resistance to the American occupation, signed an oath of allegiance to the United States, nine days after his capture, in return for his release from incarceration. ^[2] The pledge took place at the Malacañang Palace in Manila, at the office of the Military Governor, U.S. Army General Arthur MacArthur, Jr..^[3]
• The United States Steel Corporation, which had been founded on February 25, began operations.^[4]
• Mrs. Elizabeth Moore was arrested by police in Baltimore after attending a professional boxing match. Mrs. Moore wanted to see lightweight boxer and future champion Joe Gans in the ring, despite a societal taboo against women joining the all-male audiences that were allowed to watch the bouts. She purchased third row seats after disguising herself as a man, and was arrested by the police captain on the premises and charged with violating a state law against "masquerading in male attire", released only after her husband posted a $105 bond.^[5] She was fined $20 and costs for the infraction. ^[6]
• Thirty thousand iron workers in Scotland walked off of the job in a strike seeking a guaranteed maximum eight-hour day.^[7]
• General Leonard Wood, the American Military Governor of Cuba, refused to certify the selection of Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso as the Mayor of Havana. The Havana city council had voted, 12-10 for his appointment.^[7]
• Born: Whittaker Chambers, American Communist who had been editor of the CPUSA newspaper The Daily Worker before he testified in the perjury trial of Alger Hiss; in Philadelphia (d. 1961)

April 2, 1901 (Tuesday)

• The United Kingdom enacted a law establishing the Military Court system, with jurisdiction over acts committed by the Boer guerrillas within South Africa during the Second Boer War. Unlike the Special Court that had previously handled serious crimes committed by rebels in British-controlled areas, the Military courts, which began hearing cases on April 12, had "unlimited powers of decision and the authority to pass the death sentence". Executions, usually done in public to set an example for would-be rebels, were carried out by hanging or by firing squad.^[8]
• The Victoria League for Commonwealth Friendship, a charitable service organization that currently provides assistance to persons within the British Commonwealth, was founded in London by Lady Violet Cecil. Its original vision was "patriotism, belief in racial hierarchy, respect for the monarchy, Christianity and the armed services, and admiration for the past and present British heroes who exemplified those values".^[9]
• The London County Council voted to purchase 225 acres of land in Tottenham, at the cost of $7,500,000, to create cottages to accommodate workingmen's family housing sufficient for 42,000 people. ^[10]
• Born: Patrick Buchan-Hepburn, 1st Baron Hailes, first and only Governor-General of the West Indies Federation, from 1958-1962 (d. 1974)
• Died: Will Carver, 32, American outlaw, in a shootout with Sheriff Elijah Briant in Sonora, Texas

April 3, 1901 (Wednesday)

• The first elections in Denmark to use a secret ballot took place for the Folketing,^[11] the lower house of the Danish Parliament, and left the ruling Højre Party with only 8 of the 114 seats, while increasing the lead of the Venstre Reform Party to 76 seats. Under Denmark's political system at the time, the King appointed the konseilspræsident (Council President, equivalent to the Prime Minister) who selected his cabinet, regardless of who controlled the Folketing. While outnumbered 106-8 by the three liberal parties, the conservative Højre Party had 42 of the 66 seats in the upper house of the Riksdag, the Landsting that was selected by electors.^[12] Because of the overwhelming defeat of the conservatives in the popular elections, King Christian IX would accede to demands that the government led by Hannibal Sehested should resign, and would appoint J. H. Deuntzer as the new premier.^{[13] [14]}
• Died: Richard D'Oyly Carte, English impresario (born 1844)

April 4, 1901 (Thursday)

• Mankulumana, chief adviser to Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo, king of the Zulu nation, led newly armed Zulu troops to assist the British Army in an attack against the Boers in the Vryheid district of the South African Republic. The Zulu force was accompanied by kaCetshwayo and Colonel Herbert Bottomley of the British Army's Imperial Light Horse regiment.^[15]
• The Circus Sarrasani was founded in Germany in Radebeul by Hans Stosch-Sarrasani. Internationally famous prior to World War II, the German circus traveled the world. After its permanent theater was destroyed in the Dresden bombing, the circus would be reorganized in Argentina, by Stosch-Sarrasani's widow, as the Circo Nacional Argentino, and operate until 1972.^[16]
• Born: George Moorhouse, English-born American soccer player who became the first native of England to appear in a FIFA World Cup, and captain of the 1934 U.S. National team; in Liverpool (d. 1982). Moorhouse, a left back for the New York Giants soccer team of the American Soccer League was one of six natives of the United Kingdom to appear for the U.S. team at the inaugural World Cup in 1930, a competition which did not include England; the other five British players were from Scotland.^[17]
• Died: George T. Anderson, 77, Confederate General during the American Civil War and later police chief of Atlanta.

April 5, 1901 (Friday)

• The Allegheny College basketball team, with a 6-1 record against other colleges, and 13-2 overall, met the Yale University team, which was 5-0 against colleges after bouncing back from a string of losses against non-college teams, in a game at Meadville, Pennsylvania. In what the local paper described the next day as "the greatest victory in her basket ball career", Allegheny defeated Yale, 21 to 12, in what was "a fast, well-played game" under the rules at that time. "The result of this game establishes Allegheny as equal to, if not better, than any other college team in the country," the Pittsburgh Post noted the next day.^[18][19] Nevertheless, the Helms Athletic Foundation would, in 1957, retroactively declare that Yale had been the best team of 1901.^[20]
• Philander C. Knox was named as the new United States Attorney General after being appointed to succeed John W. Griggs. ^{[21] [22]} He would be confirmed by the U.S. Senate and took office four days after his appointment. ^[23]
• Born:
  • Hattie Alexander, American pediatrician and microbiologist who developed the first effective remedy for illnesses caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae (Hib), diseases that had a high fatality rate among infants and young children; in Baltimore (d. 1968)
  • Chester Bowles, American diplomat who served as Under Secretary of State in the Kennedy administration before being removed for opposing further U.S. involvement in South Vietnam and Laos; he also served as Governor of Connecticut and a Congressman; in Springfield, Massachusetts (d. 1986)
  • Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai, Indian mathematician, in Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu (killed in plane crash, 1950)

April 6, 1901 (Saturday)

• The wreckage of the U.S. Navy collier Merrimac, which had been blocking the entrance to the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, was successfully destroyed and removed. ^[24] The ship had been deliberately sunk on July 2, 1898, during the Spanish-American War to block the Spanish fleet of Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete from leaving the harbor.
• The painting Portrait of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, painted by Thomas Gainsborough, returned to England 25 years after it was stolen, as the steamer Etruria docked at Southampton with C. Moreland Agnew on board. With the help of detective William A. Pinkerton, Agnew had recovered the painting in Chicago on March 27. ^[25]
• Born:
  • Pier Giorgio Frassati, Italian religious and social activist, beatified by the Roman Catholic Church in 1990; in Turin (died of polio, 1925)
  • Yong-do Lee, Korean religious and social activist who broke with the Korean Presbyterian Church after attempting to reform it (died of tuberculosis, 1932)
• Died:
  • George M. Smith, 77, British publisher and creator of the Dictionary of National Biography, and the literary journal Cornhill Magazine
  • Sir George Wellesley, 86, Royal Navy Admiral First Naval Lord of the United Kingdom, 1877-1879

April 7, 1901 (Sunday)

• Theatrical producer David Belasco, who owned the rights to the stage play Madame Butterfly: A Tragedy of Japan, finalized an agreement with Giacomo Puccini, authorizing the composer to adapt the plot to what would become an oft-performed Italian language opera, Madama Butterfly, with a premiere in 1904.^[26]
• Émile Loubet, the President of France, officiated at the opening of the lavish Gare de Lyon restaurant of the Paris staion of the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM) Railway. The new establishment was as much of a museum as it was a restaurant, with 41 original paintings and "scores of life-sized statutes and reliefs", all celebrating travel by train.^[27]
• Born: Andre Trocme, French missionary, in Saint-Quentin-en-Tourmont (d. 1971). He and his wife, Magda, would be recognized with the Righteous Among the Nations honor by Israel for their role in saving Jews from extermination during the Holocaust;
• Died:
  • Josephine Louise Newcomb, 84, American philanthropist who founded H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College as a women's college to supplement the all-male Tulane University in New Orleans
  • Eden Upton Eddis, 88, British portrait artist
  • Buz Luckey, 31, American train robber in the Nathaniel Reed gang; at the federal prison in Columbus, Ohio

April 8, 1901 (Monday)

• James Chalmers, 59, and Oliver Tomkins, 28, both Scottish missionaries, went ashore on Goaribari Island in New Guinea with eleven Papuan assistants. After arriving, they were invited by islanders to come in to a longhouse, where they were clubbed to death, then eaten, by cannibals. ^{[28][29] [30] [31]} In retaliation, British colonial officials dispatched troops from Port Moresby, who killed at least 24 of the tribesmen, then burned the longhouses in the village; in 1903, an expedition would be sent to search for Tomkins's skull, and more villages would be killed. ^[32]
• President William McKinley and the U.S. Surgeon General, Dr. Walter Wyman, began federal aid to eliminate an outbreak of bubonic plague in San Francisco, and to see to it "that Chinatown was scrubbed clean"; earlier, the city's Board of Health had proposed a plan to demolish the Chinese-American area of the city and to remove all Chinese residents in the city to detention camps on Angel Island. ^[33]
• The British colonial authorities at the Cape Colony announced that beginning on April 12, any new rebellion would be tried under the old common law, and the death penalty applied as necessary.^[7]

April 9, 1901 (Tuesday)

• The U.S. Department of the Navy established its first foreign base, a coaling station in Mexico at Pichilinque. The Navy collier USS Alexander was ordered to ship 5,000 tons of coal from the Atlantic Ocean port of Baltimore to the Pacific Ocean base in Mexico. ^[34]
• Lyman J. Gage, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, approved the first change for the American ten-dollar bill in more than 20 years. The front of the new bill, to be put into circulation later in the year, featured a picture of an American buffalo in the center, and explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on left and right side respectively. ^[35]
• Born: Howard A. Rusk, American physician and founder of the practice of rehabilitation medicine, with the creation, in 1948, of the Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine; in Brookfield, Missouri (d. 1989)

April 10, 1901 (Wednesday)

• General Cipriano Castro, President of Venezuela since 1899, began a new term in office following election. ^[7]
• General Louis Botha renewed peace negotiations between the South African Republic and the United Kingdom. ^[36]
• The city of Brookport, Illinois was created by the merger of the railroad town of Brooklyn and the unincorporated area of Pellonia. ^[37]

April 11, 1901 (Thursday)

• Martin Delgado, who had formerly been a leader of the Filipino insurgency until he had sworn allegiance to the United States, was appointed the Governor of Iloilo Province.^[7]

April 12, 1901 (Friday)

• Cuba's constitutional convention voted, 18-10, to oppose the terms of the Platt Amendment for the islands independence from the United States.^[7]
• The United States proposed to the other foreign powers in China that the Chinese indemnity for damages from the Boxer Rebellion be cut by one-half.^[7]

April 13, 1901 (Saturday)

• Born:Jacques Lacan, French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist (died 1981)

April 14, 1901 (Sunday)

• The government of Korea passed a law applying the death penalty for anyone convicted of the smoking of opium.^[7]

April 15, 1901 (Monday)

• Born:
  • Joe Davis, English snooker and billiards player (died 1978)
  • Ajoy Mukherjee, Indian politician, Chief Minister of West Bengal (died 1986)

April 16, 1901 (Tuesday)

• British colonial authorities in the Cape Colony town of Richmond supplied rifles and ammunition to coloured residents who had volunteered to guard the town against a repeat of the Boer attack in February, creating the first armed Coloured Defence Force.^[38]
• Jokichi Takamine was granted the trademark "Adrenalin" for the synthesized "Glandular Extractive Product" that he had created at Parke, Davis & Company as a pure duplicate of the hormone produced by the adrenal gland. Over time, the U.S. trademark for what is also known as "epinephrine" became generic and is now more commonly spelled "adrenaline".^[39]
• Died:
  • H.A. Rowland, 52, American astrophysicist who perfected the diffraction grating for spectroscopic analysis
  • James Knibbs, 73, English-born American inventor who created, in 1859, the first pressure valve for fire engines that could allow multiple hoses and more effective firefighting.^[40]

April 17, 1901 (Wednesday)

• In a letter to General Leonard Wood, U.S. Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt wrote that "the Vice-Presidency is an utterly anomalous office (one which I think ought to be abolished). The man who occupies it may at any moment be everything; but meanwhile, he is practically nothing." ^[41]
• The town of Latimer, Iowa, was incorporated.^[42]
• Born: Raúl Prebisch, Argentine structrual economist, co-creator of the Prebisch–Singer hypothesis, in Tucumán (d. 1986)

April 18, 1901 (Thursday)

• The last Carolina Parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis) in the wild was shot by E. A. Hearns, at Paget Creek in Brevard County, Florida. An ornithologist would note later that among this species of parakeet, "those individuals escaping the first blast from the gun hovered over those killed until they too were shot".^[43] The last Carolina Parakeet in captivity would die on February 21, 1918, at the Cincinnati Zoo.^[44]
• The National Council of French Women (Conseil National des femmes françaises or CNFF) was founded in Paris to unite the various French feminist groups that existed in France, and remains the oldest of the women's rights organizations in that nation. CNFF was encouraged by May Wright Sewall, an American who was the second president of the International Council of Women, and had toured Europe to secure the formation of national councils.^[45]
• Baseball's National League began its 1901 season and "what has become known as the Deadball Era unofficially began".^[46] Games in New York, St. Louis and Cincinnati were canceled because of rain, but the Philadelphia Phillies were able to host the Brooklyn Superbas (later the Dodgers). Brooklyn won, 12-7, in front of 4,593 spectators, in a game with 19 singles, six doubles and five triples— but no home runs. The score was atypical for the season, when teams averaged less than five runs per game for the first time in 13 years, a pattern that would continue annually until 1922. The average at season's end would be 4.63 runs.^[46]
• Born: Alexandre Alexeieff, Russian-born French animator and co-creator of pinscreen animation, in Kazan (d. 1982); and Al Lewis, American songwriter, in New York City (d. 1967)

April 19, 1901 (Friday)

• Emilio Aguinaldo, formerly commander of the Philippine resistance, signed a manifesto calling on all of his followers to give up the fight against the American occupation, declaring that "The country has declared unmistakably in favor of peace; so be it. Enough of blood; enough of tears and desolation... By acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout this entire archipelago, as now do without any reservations whatsoever, I believe that I am serving thee, my beloved country. May happiness be thine!" ^[47]
• Governor Joseph D. Sayers of Texas signed a bill that provided that all state taxes collected for 1901 and 1902 from residents of the city of Galveston would be transferred directly to the city so that it could raise its grade to protect against further flood damage from hurricanes. On September 8, more than 6,000 people on Galveston Island had been killed by a hurricane.^[48]
• Anti-British newspaper publishers were given jail sentences as punishment for incitement against the British presence in South Africa, with the editors of One Land and the 'South African News getting 12 months imprisonment, and those of the Worcester Advertiser and Het Oozen to six months.^[48]
• Died:Alfred Horatio Belo, American businessman and newswriter (born 1839)

April 20, 1901 (Saturday)

• General Tinio, one of the remaining Filipino insurgent leaders on the island of Luzon, surrendered to American authorities.^[48]
• Religious institutions in Portugal were secularized by decree of the government.^[48]

April 21, 1901 (Sunday)

• Anibal Zanartu formed a new government in Chile.^[48]

April 22, 1901 (Monday)

• A 2,000 man force of French and German troops, accompanied by local Christians, attacked Chinese troops at the Niangzi Pass and the Guguan Pass that led through the Taihang Mountains separating the Shanxi province from the imperial capital in the Hebei province and Beijing.^[49]
• Ameer Ben Ali, an Algerian Arab who had been in prison for almost ten years after being wrongfully convicted of the brutal 1891 murder of Carrie Brown in a New York City hotel, was released after evidence was found that exonerated him.^[50]
• In a featherweight ("nine-stone" or 126 pounds) boxing bout at the National Sporting Club in London, Murray Livingston of New York was fighting, as Billy Smith, against Jack Roberts for the nine-stone championship of England. Smith was knocked out, but suffered a fatal injury when he struck his head while falling. ^[51] A prosecutor indicted Roberts and nine other members of the Club for "feloniously killing and slaying", but conceded at the trial that he was seeking to outlaw boxing rather than to punish the defendants. The jury would conclude that since Smith's death was accidental and happened in a properly regulated boxing contest, the defendants were not guilty. ^[52] The landmark decision would lead to a police policy to keep order among the crowds, and to presume that properly organised boxing matches were legal.^[53]
• Died: William Stubbs, 75, English historian and Oxford University scholar

April 23, 1901 (Tuesday)

• German and Chinese armies battled near the Great Wall of China. The Chinese Army was turned back, but the Germans sustained many casualties.^[48]

April 24, 1901 (Wednesday)

• The first-ever game of baseball's American League was played in Chicago, as the Cleveland Blues met the Chicago White Stockings at South Side Park. Ceremonies began at 3:00 in the afternoon, the teams practiced for 30 minutes, Chicago Mayor Carter Harrison, Jr. gave a short speech and then tossed out the first ball.^[54] The other three games in the eight team league (Milwaukee at Detroit, Boston at Baltimore and Washington at Philadelphia) were canceled by rain. Roy Patterson of Chicago was the first pitcher, and Ollie Pickering was the first to bat for Cleveland, with a ball, a strike, and a fly ball that deaf center fielder William "Dummy" Hoy caught for the first out. Chicago's Fielder Jones (who was also a center fielder) was the first person to score. A crowd of about 9,000 fans watched Chicago (champions from the 1900, when the AL had been a minor league) win the game, 8-2, in a game that took 90 minutes to play.^[55]

April 25, 1901 (Thursday)

• New York became the first state of the United States to require automobile license plates.
• The British Army ordered that all householders in occupied territory in South Africa would be required to display signs identifying the names of the persons living inside.^[48]
• Umberto Cagni was forced to turn back, after only 44 days, from his attempt to become the first person to reach the North Pole, but managed to plant the Italian flag further north than any previous explorer. Reaching a latitude of 86° 34′ N, Cagni, who had set off from Russia's Franz Josef Land on March 11, was able to get 20 miles closer to the Pole than Fridtjof Nansen of Norway had done on April 7, 1895.^[56]

April 26, 1901 (Friday)

• Tom "Black Jack" Ketchum, 37, a train robber and member of the Hole in the Wall Gang, was hanged in Clayton, New Mexico. Ketchum is better remembered for his gruesome execution. Union County Sheriff Solome Garcia had never performed a hanging before, misjudged the length of the drop and used a rope that was too thin.^[57] Ketchum was decapitated by the force of his 215 pound frame and the quick tightening of the rope, and his body, separated from his head, reportedly "alighted squarely upon its feet, stood for a moment, swayed and fell" ^[58]
• The Engineering Standards Committee of the United Kingdom held its first meeting, with a goal of reducing the number of different measurements for British products. The Committee's first achievement was to reduce the number of different gauges for streetcar rails from 75 to only five, and the variety of structural steel sections from 175 different sizes to 113, lowering the costs of manufacturing and warehousing steel products.^[59] The entity would later change its name to the British Standards Institution, and is known as the BSI Group.
• Died: Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson, 36, African-American physician who became the first woman of any race licensed to practice medicine in the state of Alabama

April 27, 1901 (Saturday)

• Tottenham Hotspur defeated Sheffield United, 3-1, to become the only non-member of The Football League of England to ever win the FA Cup. The game, which took place at Burnden Park in Bolton was a replay, since Spurs (then a member of the Southern League) and Sheffield had played to a 2-2 draw the previous Saturday.^[60]

April 28, 1901 (Sunday)

• The building housing the New York Stock Exchange at 10 Broad Street was closed, 20 years after the opening of an expanded location that had been designed by architect James Renwick, Jr.. Over the next two years, the NYSE occupied space in the New York Produce Exchange on 2 Broadway until its current location at 11 Wall Street could be constructed.^[61] The exchange would move to its current location on on April 23, 1903.^[62]
• General Miguel Malvar took over as the new commander of the Philippine resistance after the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo.^[63]
• In Algeria, the village of Marguerite, with more than 150 French settlers and located about 50 miles from Algiers, was attacked by a force of 400 Berber rebels, and most of the inhabitants were massacred.^[64]
• Died: Paule Mink, 61 French feminist and activist

April 29, 1901 (Monday)

• President McKinley departed Washington D.C. on a month-long tour across the United States that would take him to the West Coast and back.^[48]
• Anti-Jewish rioting broke out in Budapest.
• Liverpool clinched The Football League championship in England on the last day of the season, with a narrow 1-0 win over last place West Bromwich Albion. Going into the match, Liverpool (18-7-8) and and Sunderland (15-13-6) were tied in the standings with 43 points apiece, but Sunderland's season was over, and Liverpool needed only to avoid losing.^[65][66]
• Born:Emperor Hirohito of Japan (died 1989)

April 30, 1901 (Tuesday)

• General Manuel Tinio, described as "the soul of insurrection in the Ilocos" in Northern Luzon, surrendered to American authorities, ten days after General Aguinaldo declared an end to the Philippine resistance to the U.S. occupation.^[67]
• Camillo "Deaf Charley" Hanks was released from prison in Montana after serving almost eight years of a ten year sentence.^[68] Initially sentenced to hanging after being convicted of murder, he was spared by the Governor in 1894. Upon gaining his freedom, he quickly went back to crime and joined Butch Cassidy's "Wild Bunch" gang in a train robbery near Wagner, Montana on July 3. He would be killed in a shootout with San Antonio detectives on April 15, 1902.^[69]
• Born: Simon Kuznets, Ukrainian-American economist and 1971 Nobel Prize laureate; in Kharkov, Russian Empire (d. 1985); and

References

1. Census of England and Wales (63 Vict. C. 4.) 1901: General Report with Appendices (Great Britain. Census Office, H.M. Stationery Office, 1904) p302
2. "Aguinaldo Takes the Oath— The Filipino Leader Accepts the Inevitable and Swears Allegiance to the United States", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 3, 1901, p1
3. "Philippine-American War", by Marco Hewitt in The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History, Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2009) p477
4. Kenneth Warren, The American Steel Industry, 1850-1970: A Geographical Interpretation (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1987) p125
5. Bob Batchelor, American Popular Culture Through History: The 1900s (Greenwood, 2002) p133
6. "She Saw the Prize Fight— But Mrs. Moore Was Afterward Arrested and Fined for Wearing Male Attire", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 3, 1901, p11
7. The American Monthly Review of Reviews(May 1901) pp538-542
8. Graham Jooste and Roger Webster, Innocent Blood: Executions during the Anglo-Boer War (New Africa Books, 2002) p26
9. Archie L. Dick, The Hidden History of South Africa's Book and Reading Cultures (University of Toronto Press, 2013)
10. "Homes for London Workmen— County Council to Build 5,779 Cottages in Tottenham— Rents to be from About $1.50 to $2.50 a Week", New York Times, April 3, 1901, p1
11. Building the Nation: N.F.S. Grundtvig and Danish National Identity John A. Hall and Ove Korsgaard, eds. (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2015) p20
12. The International Year Book: A Compendium of the World's Progress during the Year 1901, Frank Moore Colby, ed. (Dodd, Mead & Company, 1902) p243
13. Bo Lidegaard, A Short History of Denmark in the 20th Century (Gyldendal A/S, 2014)
14. "Danish Cabinet Loses— Folkething Election Results in Government Defeat", Chicago Daily Tribune, April 4, 1901, p1
15. "Zulus and the War", by John Laband, The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image, John Gooch, ed. (Routledge, 2013)
16. Marline Otte, Jewish Identities in German Popular Entertainment, 1890–1933 (Cambridge University Press, 2006) pp38-39
17. "Moorhouse, George", in The American Soccer League: The Golden Years of American Soccer 1921-1931, Colin Jose, ed. (Scarecrow Press, 1998) p487
18. "Yale Team Beaten— Allegheny College Plays the Blues in a Basket Ball Game", The Pittsburg [sic] Post, April 6, 1901, p6
19. "Allegheny College Beats Yale", Chicago Daily Tribune, April 6, 1901, p6
20. "The truth behind the Helms Committee", by Jon Scott
21. Albert H. Walker, History of the Sherman Law (1910, reprinted by Beard Books, 2000) p124
22. "P. C. Knox in the Cabinet", New York Times, April 6, 1901, p1
23. "Knox Now in Office— Pittsburger Takes the Oath as United States Attorney General", Pittsburgh Press, April 9, 1901, p1
24. "Hulk of Merrimac Destroyed— Collier Sunk at Santiago, Cuba, to Bottle Up Cervera's Fleet Blown Up with Dynamite, Chicago Sunday Tribune, April 7, 1901, p1
25. "Famous Canvas Stolen in 1876 Is Recovered", Chicago Daily Tribune, April 6, 1901, p1
26. John L. DiGaetani and Josef P. Sirefman, Opera and the Golden West: The Past, Present, and Future of Opera in the U.S.A. (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1994 pp129-130
27. John Baxter, French Riviera and Its Artists: Art, Literature, Love, and Life on the Côte d'Azur (Museyon, 2015) pp80-81
28. Tom White, et al., Extreme Devotion: The Voice of the Martyrs (Harper Collins, 2002) p348
29. Laurence Goldman, The Anthropology of Cannibalism (Greenwood Publishing, 1999) p19
30. "Two Missionaries Killed", New York Times, April 22, 1901, p7
31. "The New Guinea Massacre— A Military Force Despatched", Sydney Morning Herald, April 25, 1901, p6
32. Robert W. Kirk, Paradise Past: The Transformation of the South Pacific, 1520-1920 (McFarland, 2012) p223
33. Lee Allyn Davis, Natural Disasters (Infobase Publishing, 2010) p218
34. "Coal for First Foreign Port— Collier Alexander Taking Five Thousand Tons to Stock Station on the West Coast of Mexico", Chicago Daily Tribune, April 10, 1901, p2
35. "New Ten Dollar Buffalo Bill— Secretary of the Treasury Approves Design for Note Soon to Be Issued as Legal Tender", Chicago Daily Tribune, April 10, 1901, p2
36. "Botha Again for Peace", Chicago Daily Tribune, April 11, 1901, p1
37. "Illinois Town Changes Name", Chicago Daily Tribune, April 10, 1901, p3
38. Bill Nasson, Abraham Esau's War: A Black South African War in the Cape, 1899-1902 (Cambridge University Press, 2003) p45
39. Richard L. Myers, 100 Most Important Chemical Compounds, The: A Reference Guide: A Reference Guide (ABC-CLIO, 2007) p108
40. Timothy Starr, Great Inventors of New York's Capital District (The History Press, 2010)
41. L. Edward Purcell, Vice Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary (Infobase Publishing, 2010) p248
42. Tom Savage, A Dictionary of Iowa Place-Names (University of Iowa Press, 2007) p128
43. Olin Sewall Pettingill, Jr., Ornithology in Laboratory and Field (Academic Press, 1984) p422
44. Julian P. Hume and Michael Walters, Extinct Birds (A & C Black, 2012) p188
45. Oliver Janz and Daniel Schonpflug, Gender History in a Transnational Perspective: Networks, Biographies, Gender Orders (Berghahn Books, 2014) p48
46. James D. Szalontai, Small Ball in the Big Leagues: A History of Stealing, Bunting, Walking and Otherwise Scratching for Runs (McFarland, 2010) p20
47. Robert C. Doyle, The Enemy in Our Hands: America's Treatment of Prisoners of War from the Revolution to the War on Terror (University Press of Kentucky, 2010) p155
48. The American Monthly Review of Reviews(June 1901) pp666-669
49. "Newspapers and nationalism in rural China 1890-1929", by Henrietta Harrison, in Twentieth-Century China: New Approaches (Routledge, 2013) p87
50. James Morton, Justice Denied: Extraordinary Miscarriages of Justice (Little, Brown Book Group, 2015)
51. "Smith Is Defeated and Fatally Injured— New York Pugilist Fares Badly at the Hands of Jack Roberts", San Francisco Call, April 23, 1901
52. "Pugilists Acquitted— At Second Trial of Jack Roberts in London", Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 28, 1901, p2
53. Friedrich Unterharnscheidt and Julia Taylor Unterharnscheidt, Boxing: Medical Aspects (Academic Press, 2003) p713
54. "Pennant to Be Raised Today— Opening of the American League's Season at White Stocking Park", Chicago Tribune, April 24, 1901, p7
55. "Champions Win Opening Game", Chicago Tribune, April 25, 1901, p6
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59. J. Luis Guasch, et al., Quality Systems and Standards for a Competitive Edge (World Bank Publications, 2007) pp17-18
60. Paul Donnelley, Firsts, Lasts & Onlys of Football: The Most Amazing Football Facts from the Last 160 Years (Hamlyn, 2010)
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65. John Williams, Red Men: Liverpool Football Club (Random House, 2011)
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68. R. Michael Wilson, Great Train Robberies of the Old West (Globe Pequot, 2007) p132
69. Larry Pointer, In Search of Butch Cassidy (University of Oklahoma Press, 2013) p255