Arbor Hill Historic District–Ten Broeck Triangle

This article is about the historic district in Albany. For the neighborhood, see Arbor Hill, Albany, New York.
Arbor Hill Historic District–
Ten Broeck Triangle
A row of attached two-story houses with ornate wooden sheltered balconies on the front.
Rowhouses on Hall Place, 2010
Location Albany, NY
Coordinates 42°39′26″N 73°45′5″W / 42.65722°N 73.75139°W / 42.65722; -73.75139Coordinates: 42°39′26″N 73°45′5″W / 42.65722°N 73.75139°W / 42.65722; -73.75139
Area 34 acres (14 ha)[1][2]
Built 1845–1875
Architectural style Greek Revival, Italianate, Late Victorian
NRHP Reference # 79001564 (original), 84003865 (boundary increase)[3]
Added to NRHP January 25, 1979 (original),
September 29, 1984 (boundary increase)

The Arbor Hill Historic District–Ten Broeck Triangle is located within the Arbor Hill neighborhood of Albany, New York, United States. It is a seven-block area north of downtown. In 1979 its current eastern section, the Ten Broeck Triangle, the second oldest residential neighborhood in the city,[4] was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Four years later, it was increased to its current size.[3]

The future district was first established by its oldest contributing property, the Ten Broeck Mansion, built at the end of the 18th century by a prominent local family. It lent its name to the Ten Broeck Triangle, established in the middle of the following century when successful businessmen, primarily lumber dealers, built large houses along Ten Broeck Avenue with the fortunes they had made from trade on the Erie Canal. It was one of the first neighborhoods to develop north of the city's downtown as it grew during the 19th century.

Its fortunes began to slip as the city expanded westward, to new neighborhoods like Washington Park which attracted the city's affluent. As the 20th century began, it gradually became a more middle-class neighborhood, then, after the Great Migration, predominantly African American. As an effective racial ghetto, the neighborhood and its historic buildings suffered the effects of disinvestment and decline. The designation of the historic district, and other efforts by preservationists later in the century, have helped reverse that trend, though not completely.

Over 200 buildings are listed as contributing properties. Most were built between the 1840s and 1870s. They are a mix of rowhouses and detached houses. The largest and oldest, the Ten Broeck Mansion, is also the only property in the district listed on the Register individually. It also includes two churches, reflecting a later popularity with immigrants, including St. Joseph's Church.

Geography

The district occupies the southeastern portion of Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood. Its southern corner is Sweet Pilgrim Baptist Church at the junction of Ten Broeck Street and Clinton Avenue, part of U.S. Route 9, a block west of the Palace Theatre and across from Albany's Family Court building. The district boundary, also the western boundary of the Broadway portion of the Clinton Avenue Historic District[5] follows the rear lot lines of all the houses on the east side of the street, past St. Joseph's Church and Van Rensselaer Park north to Livingston Avenue. There the Ten Broeck Mansion which gives its name to the Ten Broeck Triangle, the eastern third of the district, occupies a large parcel at the intersection's southwest corner.[2]

The boundary then turns northwest along the south side of Livingston and follows it to North Swan Street, which it turns to follow south. A hundred feet (30 m) south of the intersection, it takes in the properties on the west side and continues to do so for the next three blocks. These include Bethany Baptist Church, St. Joseph's Youth Center and some commercial properties along the adjacent blocks next to them and the public basketball courts at the Second Street intersection.[2]

A map showing the district, with major buildings and the district boundary as a thick red line
Map showing district boundary in red

Midway between First Street and Clinton the boundary turns southeast to follow the rear property line of the lots on first, again the boundary with the Clinton Avenue Historic District.[5] This line becomes Ludlow Alley shortly before North Hawk Street. After a short southward jog to take in the two properties on that street north of Clinton, it returns to the alley and follows it back to Clinton at Ten Broeck.[2]

The irregular quadrilateral within this boundary includes six large blocks covering 34 acres (14 ha). In addition to the streets already named the entirety of St. Joseph's Terrace and Hall Place are within the district. It has 220 contributing resources, with only two non-contributing modern properties. One hundred of those properties are houses, primarily two- to three-story wood frame or brick structures built between the 1820s and the early 20th century. The remainder are either small commercial buildings, institutional structures such as the three churches in the district.[2]

Open space within the district include a few vacant lots and parking lots. Most are planned however, such as Van Rensselaer Park, the neighboring space around the church known as St. Joseph's park, and the large parcel at the district's northeast corner where the Ten Broeck Mansion and its gardens (and formerly carriage house) are located. Mature trees are abundant throughout.[2] Topographically the district rises almost a hundred feet (30 m) from its eastern and southern edges to level terrain along North Swan between Second and Third. This reflects the ravines that existed there when Albany was first settled, later partially filled in to facilitate development,[6] now the neighborhood of Sheridan Hollow, which separates Arbor Hill and the district from downtown Albany.[1]

To the north of the district are newer housing projects built during the urban renewal projects of the 1960s and 1970s. On the west of North Swan are similar neighborhoods but with newer, less coherent architecture (One building near the district, the Stephen and Harriet Myers House, is listed on the Register). The Clinton Avenue Historic District on the south includes the city's densest concentration of 19th-century rowhouses, mostly brick.[7] To the east, downhill to North Pearl Street (New York State Route 32), are neighborhoods of mixed older and newer buildings and vacant lots closer to the Hudson River.[1]

History

The district has passed through several distinct historical periods. For a long time after Albany was established as a city, it remained undeveloped and outside city limits, a place where it might expand in the future. When it was developed, after independence, that was limited.[2]

After the Erie Canal was built the pace of that increased, although it took the removal of a cemetery to make that happen. Most of the current stock of buildings date to the mid- and late 19th century when the district was one of Albany's most desirable addresses. Later, as the affluent moved to the suburbs in the early 20th century, it became more dense, and in the 1920s grew identified with the city's growing African-American population.[2]

Due to that racial stigma, the neighborhood declined in status over the course of the 20th century. That trend began to reverse with the formation of community organizations in the 1970s and serious efforts at historic preservation. Those efforts are continuing today.[2]

1686–1796: Prehistory

The settlement that became Albany was established by the Dutch in the early 17th century as Fort Orange. The development around it was known first as Wiltwyck, becoming Albany when the English assumed control of New Netherland in 1667. It formally became a city with the grant of the Dongan Charter in 1686. Then, and for many years after, it was confined to the fort and the area around it enclosed by a stockade, corresponding roughly to its present downtown. The prominent ridge beyond Sheridan Hollow to the north was first called Arbor Hill during that time.[2]

This reflected the threat that still existed to the frontier town from the French. It ended with the 1763 defeat of New France in the French and Indian War. The next year, Stephen van Rensselaer II, the patroon of his family's lands to the north of the city in what was then the town of Watervliet,[8] including the future district, began having them surveyed. As the city could now safely expand,[9] he had streets and building lots laid out in what came to be called Colonie,[8][note 1] largely along the lines they were actually built. He designated the land that is now the park named after his family to be the burying ground for inhabitants of his Rensselaerwyck manor.[2]

1797–1844: Early development

A brick building with a flat roof, dark green wooden window shutters and yellow wooden trim including a small entrance portico with Greek columns behind a large tree on its left. There is a row of five wooden stumps in front.
East (front) elevation of Ten Broeck Mansion, 2009

Development was delayed because of the Revolutionary War, but by late in the 18th century some houses had been built in the area. Foremost among them was what is now known as the Ten Broeck Mansion, built by another landed descendant of Dutch settlers, Abraham Ten Broeck,[2] after his previous house burned down. By 1797, when he and his wife Elizabeth built the brick Federal style mansion on five acres (2 ha) that they leased from her brother, Stephen van Rensselaer III, he had compiled a record of distinction in public service: a delegate to the Second Continental Congress in 1775, a general commanding New York's militia at the Battle of Saratoga and later Albany's mayor and a state senator.[10]

Ten Broeck named the mansion Prospect due to the commanding view it offered of the Hudson and its river traffic (some other accounts suggest he called it Arbor Hill from the beginning). He lived there until his death in 1810; Elizabeth survived him by three years. By that point a few other houses had likely been built nearby, but not enough to constitute a neighborhood, even after Colonie was annexed by the city in 1815.[8] The mansion was sold to new owners who, over the next three decades, refurbished and expanded it with elements of the similar Greek Revival architectural style.[10]

The northward expansion of the city envisioned by the elder van Rensselaer finally came to pass after 1825, when the Erie Canal was opened. Many new arrivals to the city, drawn by the canal and its economic opportunities, needed places to live and work. They looked north, along Broadway and North Pearl. Some found the mansion neighborhood and the blocks to its west to their liking, enough that city directories of the period show a few residents and businessmen listing "Arbor Hill" as their address. During the 1830s, they built some of the first houses in the district after the mansion. A few from this period, such as 10 Ten Broeck Place and 31 Second Street, survive. Similarly, the mixed-use Greek Revival buildings around the intersection of Second and South Swan were built in the early 1840s.[2]

1845–1899: Intensive development

Intensive development of the neighborhood was the result of a change made to it in 1845. The soil of the Rensselaerwyck cemetery was particularly sandy and loose. Since it sat on a slope above the streets below it, heavy rains would often wash away markers and expose the underlying coffins and remains. By the early 1840s, there were many calls to move the bodies elsewhere. One of the most vocal advocates for such a move, Joseph Hall, a gardener who lived on the section of Third now known as Ten Broeck Place, had Hall Street named for him when it was opened in 1849, four years after the cemetery was moved.[2]

A street with three-story brick rowhouses in a variety of colors and short trees on the left, with taller trees and a distant steeple on the right.
North end of Ten Broeck Street, 2010

While the former burying ground site was made into a park instead of being built on, construction on other parcels increased. The year the burying ground was moved, 41 Ten Broeck Street, the earliest dated house on that street after the mansion, was erected. The brick rowhouses at 15–23 and 35–39 Ten Broeck followed as well.[2] In 1848, the neighborhood regained some of its original prestige when Thomas Worth Olcott, a prominent banker, bought the Ten Broeck Mansion and formally renamed it Arbor Hill. He and his family expanded it over the next several years.[10] The King Building, an elaborate Greek Revival duplex, was built over four years in the 1850s at 27–29 North Swan in front of the archway that provided access to the mansion's grounds on the rear.[2]

In the blocks to the west, newer clusters such as 53, 55 and 57 First Street joined the scattered houses that already existed. At 23 and 25 Second Street, two brick houses were built in the late 1840s. These show a common architectural transition for that era, with their basic Greek Revival forms being overlaid with Italianate and Gothic Revival ornament.[2]

The Italianate style would become dominant in the 1850s, when a third of the hundred houses in the Ten Broeck Triangle, the eastern portion of the district. North Hawk and Hall streets were built almost completely during this period. The rowhouses from 2–38 First Street went up between 1854 and 1862.[2]

In 1855 St. Joseph's Church was built on Ten Broeck between First and Second to serve the growing Irish immigrant population, which generally did not live in the district but near it, close to their jobs along the riverfront. It was designed by Brooklyn architect Patrick Keely, himself an Irish immigrant, who had previously designed the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception on Eagle Street downtown, opposite the state capitol.[2]

A large ornate brick church with stoned pointed-arch windows and foundation, seen from across the street
Sweet Pilgrim Baptist Church

By 1870, much of the district had been developed. The lavish houses in particular that lined Ten Broeck Street gave it the popular name of "Millionaire's Row." Many had been built by lumber merchants and overlooked the Lumber District, the yards down by the canal and river where they did their business. Another church, Sweet Pilgrim Baptist, was constructed in 1876 at the Clinton Avenue intersection, giving the district a distinctive southern gateway. At the north corner, the polygonal home at 105 Ten Broeck featured an iron mansard roof, a hallmark of the contemporary Second Empire style. Some of the existing houses, such as 8 Hall Place, also had mansard roofs added when they were expanded with third stories.[2]

There was enough demand for housing in the Ten Broeck Triangle that a new street was added in the ensuing decade. St. Joseph's Terrace was laid out in 1881 and formally subdivided for building ten years later. The houses built there in the 1890s were similar in form to those that had been built in the previous decades, reflecting the area's continuing status as a desirable neighborhood to live in,[2] despite increasing competition from the newer Washington Park, completed in 1882, and the lack of service from the city's new streetcar network.[11] It was home to Michael N. Nolan, an Irish immigrant who served as mayor and later, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.[2]

Architecturally, however, the new construction largely reflected the contemporary trends. There were still a few late Italianate structures like 96 North Swan Street, built in 1885. But most new housing followed the Romanesque Revival of the late 19th century. The brick rectory with stone trim built by St. Joseph's in 1892 at 14 St. Joseph's Terrace is the district's most prominent example. At 51 and 51½ First, a pair of brick houses built in 1885, the intricate detailing includes terra cotta and stained glass windows. The Romanesque houses at 67 Ten Broeck Street and 3 and 5 St. Joseph's Terrace are clad in the style's more frequently used rusticated brownstone.[2]

1900–1914: Increasing density

In the new century, the neighborhood's growth slowed down as it was nearly built out. A few new houses were built, mostly architecturally sympathetic to their surroundings but experimenting slightly with their materials, such as local architect William Lee Woollett's brick houses with marble trim at 43 and 45 Ten Broeck Street in 1900. At 66 First Street another brick and stone house went up, meshing with its much older neighbors.[2]

The affluent families that had lived in the Ten Broeck area began moving to the newer neighborhoods in the city's undeveloped western sections, which offered larger houses and larger lots in the newer suburban style of living. They rented the houses they left behind or sold them, with the result that many were subdivided into multiple units, making the Ten Broeck Triangle less exclusive than it had been for the previous 50 years.[2]

A four-story square brick building with boarded-up windows. There is a white trailer on its left and some signs from a construction company, both in a fenced-off area
St. Joseph's School building

This increase in density was reflected in the most significant construction of the 20th century's first decade. St. Joseph's had housed its school in various other buildings, but finally had to construct a dedicated building. The four-story brick edifice with stone trim completed in 1905 was the largest building in the western blocks of the future district. Back on Ten Broeck Street, the church itself got a new spire in 1910.[2]

The trend toward increasing density culminated in the construction of two apartment buildings, at 7–8 and 9–10 St. Joseph's Terrace, in 1914. Both brick with stone trim, one three stories and the other four, they were the first buildings in the neighborhood designed as multiple dwellings. Together with the nearby house at 3 St. Joseph's, a one-story brick building with marble trim and a Spanish-style pantile roof, built that same year, they are the latest-built contributing properties to the district.[2]

1915–1974: Decline and disinvestment

During the Great Migration of the 1920s, many of the African Americans who came north to Albany from the Southern states settled in Arbor Hill, an area that had been one of the first where their predecessors had settled in the city[note 2] It came to be regarded as more desirable among newcomers than their other destination, the South End. Residents of that neighborhood often moved to Arbor Hill after they had made some money. African Americans displaced by the construction of what is now the State Department of Education Building in 1912 also resettled in Arbor Hill.[12] As early as 1922 many of the city's prominent African-American institutions and organizations, such as churches and social clubs, were located in Arbor Hill. This growth led to the name being applied to the larger area it presently refers to,[2] extending north to the railroad tracks, west to Northern Boulevard (now Henry Johnson Boulevard) and south to Sheridan Avenue.[13]

In 1948 came the first suggestion that the neighborhood's future in the city lay with its own past. After a century of ownership, the descendants of James Olcott Worth formally transferred the Ten Broeck mansion from their family to the Albany County Historical Association. The ACHA began converting it into a historic house museum, a use that continues today.[2]

The challenges the neighborhood faced in maintaining its historic properties were demonstrated later, in the 1960s. By that time the neighborhood, overwhelmingly African American, was considered one of the worst in Albany.[12] Sweet Pilgrim's distinctive spire was removed, leaving St. Joseph's as the only church in the district with a presence in the skyline. Later in the decade, urban renewal efforts began to target Arbor Hill. The houses north of Livingston Avenue were demolished and replaced with the modern affordable housing that is there now. Similar projects targeted the blocks west of North Swan, leaving gaps and modern intrusions that also persist today.[2]

1975–present: Preservation and revitalization efforts

In 1975 several residents of the Ten Broeck Triangle formed the Arbor Hill Concerned Citizens Association (AHCCA) to lobby the city for improvements in neighborhood services. Many of them lived in the surviving townhouses, which they had often restored themselves. They saw gentrification as the key to revitalizing the neighborhood, due to its proximity to downtown Albany and the growing service-sector jobs there.[14] To further this goal, they worked with preservationists to have the triangle recognized as a historic district.[1] That 13-acre (5.3 ha) area was duly listed on the Register in 1978 under that name.[2]

The city's urban renewal agency helped to repopulate the area with three auctions of foreclosed houses on Ten Broeck Street during that period. Starting prices were between $5–10,000; winning bidders received a $70,000 grant and a $80,000 loan at 3% interest. Priority went to former residents of Arbor Hill, families, and those who demonstrated an eagerness to participate in the community. All had to have a sufficient credit history to justify the loan. The AHCCA assisted the city in identifying bidders who met those qualifications. While only half the houses sold under the program were actually rehabilitated, those that were successful enough that the program was considered a success.[15]

Continuing historic surveys and inventories of the area found that the blocks between the Ten Broeck Triangle and North Swan also had many intact rowhouses from the same 19th century period with little modern intrusion, even if some of them were in a state of neglect and disrepair. That area also extended to St. Joseph's School, part of the church's complex. Accordingly, in 1984, the district was extended by 21 acres (8.5 ha) to its present size. In addition to almost tripling its area, it more than doubled the amount of contributing properties. The expanded district was renamed to reflect the area's wider scope and historic naming.[2]

St. Joseph's struggles in the late 20th century were emblematic of the district as a whole. After being among the many historic locations in Albany used by the producers of the 1987 film Ironweed to recreate the city's appearance during the Great Depression, tight finances forced the Diocese of Albany to sell it to a congregant who in turn rented it back to them. It did not prevent the church's outright closure in 1994, and two years later the diocese bought it back, and appointed a committee to seek alternative uses for it. By that point it needed extensive repairs estimated to cost at least $2 million.[16] financial problems led to the church falling into neglect.

In 2000 it made the Historic Albany Foundation's list of "Seven to Save" in the city,[17] and then the New York State Preservation League's similar list for the state two years later.[18] A plan to rehabilitate it for use as a nightclub fell through, and when the building itself was on the verge of collapse in the winter of 2001 the city had to shore it up and take possession under eminent domain.[19][20] It was in turn deeded to Historic Albany, which was able to secure matching funds for the necessary work[21] and continues to stage cultural events there to raise all the money for more complete restoration.[22]

A two-story brick facade with red boards in the windows and brownstone around the entrance. Parked in front of a tree on the street is a dark gray late-2000s Honda Civic
41 Ten Broeck Street, 2012

Historic Albany also helped partially preserve 41 Ten Broeck Street. In 2000, after ownership had reverted to Albany County following a foreclosure for unpaid property taxes, the county began to demolish the building. A court ordered the work stopped after finding that the county had not gained the proper approvals. It was eventually transferred to Historic Albany, which had brought the suit. Today only the facade remains, and Historic Albany is working to find a developer willing to restore it and rebuild the structure.[23][24]

The AHCCA founded a separate group called the Arbor Hill Improvement Corporation in the early 1980s to address housing issues that the private developers of the area were not. It assists residents in applying for financing and restoration grants, sometimes partnering with similar organizations in other neighborhoods in applying for grants. Another community group, St. Joseph Housing Corporation, has renovated some old buildings into affordable housing.[25]

By the 1990s the Ten Broeck Triangle had been almost completely restored and was home to a thriving community of young professionals and their families. However, the rest of the district, like the rest of Arbor Hill, had not been gentrified and continued to have the problems associated with poorer, predominantly minority urban neighborhoods. While there was tension between residents who continued to support those efforts and residents who felt the neighborhood should focus on improving lower-end housing, as the 20th century ended the latter efforts became more acceptable as it was clearer that gentrification could not spread beyond the triangle.[26]

In 2002 local artist Yacob Williams painted the first of four murals in the Arbor Hill neighborhood on the house at the corner of North Swan and Livingston, a project intended to improve the quality of life in a high-crime area. He chose the design, "Mother Africa", from suggestions submitted by local youth, who also assisted on the painting. The project was cosponsored by the Ten Broeck Triangle Preservation League and the Social Capital Development Corporation.[27]

Significant contributing properties

All but three of the 220 buildings in the district are contributing properties to its historic character. Of those 217, the vast majority are houses. One, the Ten Broeck Mansion, is individually listed on the Register as well. Some others have distinctive characteristics within the district.

Houses

A row of three-story rowhouses in varied colors along a street with small trees and cars parked in front of them, looking uphill
First Street
A yellowed, damaged wooden pediment supported by fluted columns with Ionic capitals sheltering an entrance with a large "49" on one white door and a sign listing a phone number on another
Entrance to 49 Ten Broeck St.
Two narrow three-story tall brick rowhouses painted different shades of yellow but otherwise identical
57-59 Ten Broeck St.

Other buildings

A tall brownish stone church steeple, intricately detailed, rising high over a street with cars parked on it. A grassy area with trees is on the left.
St. Joseph's Church

Preservation

In 2003 two planning firms hired by the city sought citizen input and created the Arbor Hill Citizen Advisory Committee, which developed a plan to improve life in Arbor Hill as a whole. Among the aspects considered was how the historic district could benefit the neighborhood's future. The Ten Broeck Triangle, it noted, was one of three areas of Arbor Hill where property values did not suffer from the neighborhood's bad reputation. "It is not unusual to see an abandoned building next to a home in which a property owner has invested $300,000 or more," in the triangle, the report said. "Clearly, to the extent that neighborhood-wide problems are alleviated or solved, property owners in the Ten Broeck neighborhood will greatly benefit and market values can be expected to escalate rapidly."[29]

Projects suggested specifically for the district include promoting the adaptive reuse of larger properties like St. Joseph's School, a tree-lined pathway from North Swan to the Ten Broeck Mansion, and improving the sidewalks along North Swan. The reuse of St. Joseph's Church was also considered, with low-impact uses preferred. It was also suggested that Ten Broeck Street itself be made more pedestrian-friendly, either with wider sidewalks, trees on the sidewalks or a tree-lined center median. Participants in the meetings rejected a proposal for a new "signature building" at North Swan and Livingston because they thought the area was dense enough already.[30]

In a 2005 progress report on the plan, the city noted that the state had awarded the Albany Housing Authority a grant for a feasibility study on the former St. Joseph's School.[31] It also reported on Historic Albany's progress in stabilizing and restoring St. Joseph's, possibly for future use as a branch library. The organization had helped the plan's cultural goals as well by organizing a walking tour of the Ten Broeck Triangle.[32] In 2010 the city and the advisory committee shared an award from the American Planning Association's upstate New York chapter for excellence in implementing the plan.[33]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ No relation to the current Town of Colonie, north of Albany.
  2. ↑ This is reflected by another nearby National Register listing, the Stephen and Harriet Myers House, a station on the Underground Railroad outside the district on Livingston Avenue west of North Swan.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Cornelia Brooke Gilder (June 1978). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Arbor Hill Historic District-Ten Broeck Triangle". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2010-10-18. See also: "Accompanying 14 photos".
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 Lucy A. Breyer and Anthony Opalka (June 1984). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Arbor Hill Historic District-Ten Broeck Triangle". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2010-10-18. See also: "Accompanying 24 photos".
  3. 1 2 Staff (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  4. ↑ Foulke, Patricia and Robert (2003). Adventure Guide to the Champlain & Hudson River Valleys. Hunter Publishing. p. 148. ISBN 9781588433459.
  5. 1 2 O'Brien, Austin (May 1988). "National Register of Historic Places nomination, Clinton Avenue Historic District". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. p. 5. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  6. ↑ Albany Quadrangle – New York – Albany, Rensselaer Cos. (Map). 1:24,000. USGS 7½-minute quadrangle map series. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
  7. ↑ O'Brien, 5
  8. 1 2 3 John French (1860). Gazeteer of the State of New York. R. Pearsall Smith. p. 159. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
  9. ↑ McEneny, John (2006). Albany, Capital City on the Hudson: An Illustrated History. Sun Valley, California: American Historical Press. p. 56. ISBN 1892724537.
  10. 1 2 3 Bielinski, Abraham (2011). "Our History". Ten Broeck Mansion. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
  11. ↑ Rabrenovic, Gordana (1996). Community Builders: A Tale of Neighborhood Mobilization in Two Cities. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 94. ISBN 9781566394109. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  12. 1 2 Rabrenovic, 96
  13. ↑ The Community Builders, Inc.; Behan Planning Associates, LLC (November 11, 2003). "2003 Arbor Hill Neighborhood Plan" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
  14. ↑ Rabrenovic, 101.
  15. ↑ Rabrenovic, 102–03.
  16. ↑ Yu, Winifred (August 3, 1996). "Diocese Buys Back Historic Church". Times Union. p. B7. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
  17. ↑ Benjamin, Elizabeth (April 16, 2000). "Preservation Group Lists Buildings Facing Extinction". Times Union. p. C6. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
  18. ↑ "St. Joseph’s Roman Catholic Church & Ten Broeck Triangle Historic District". New York State Preservation League. 2002. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
  19. ↑ Crowe II, Kenneth C. (December 21, 2001). "Historic Church Condemned". Times Union (Albany). p. B8. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
  20. ↑ Duggan, Erin (January 11, 2003). "Ruined Church Returned to City". Times Union. p. B1. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
  21. ↑ Scruton, Bruce A. (2003-02-04). "City Set to Sign Over St. Joseph's". Times Union (Albany). p. B1. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
  22. ↑ "Albany County Edition". Times Union (Albany). September 7, 2007. p. D1. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
  23. 1 2 Eisenstadt, Marnie (June 5, 2002). "Neighbor wants historic site cleaned". Daily Gazette (Schenectady, NY). Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  24. ↑ "What We Do". Historic Albany Foundation. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  25. ↑ Rabrenovic, 115.
  26. ↑ Rabrenovic, 116–17.
  27. ↑ Foss, Sara (August 16, 2002). "Artist sees benefits of murals". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  28. ↑ Opalka, Anthony (1993). Diana Waite, ed. Albany Architecture: A Guide to the City. Albany, NY: Mount Ida Press. p. 193. ISBN 9780962536816. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  29. ↑ Neighborhood Plan, 7
  30. ↑ Neighborhood Plan, 17–23.
  31. ↑ "Arbor Hill Neighborhood Plan Progress Report, 2005" (PDF). City of Albany. Spring 2005. p. 5. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  32. ↑ 2005 Progress Report, 9.
  33. ↑ "Arbor Hill". City of Albany. 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2012.

External links

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