Archie Cochrane

For other people named Cochrane, see Cochrane (surname).
Archibald Cochrane

Archibald Cochrane
Born Archibald Leman Cochrane
(1909-01-12)12 January 1909
Galashiels, Scotland
Died 18 June 1988(1988-06-18) (aged 79)
Nationality Scottish
Occupation Physician

Archibald Leman Cochrane (1909–1988) was a Scottish doctor noted for his book Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services.[1] This book advocated for the use of randomized control trials to make medicine more effective and efficient.[2] His advocacy of randomized controlled trials eventually led to the development of the Cochrane Library database of systematic reviews, the establishment of the UK Cochrane Centre in Oxford and the international Cochrane Collaboration.[3]

Biography

Cochrane was born in Kirklands, Galashiels, Scotland, into a family he described as "industrial upper middle class".[4] His father was killed whilst serving with the King's Own Scottish Borderers during World War I.[5] He won a scholarship to Uppingham School, and obtained another scholarship to King's College, Cambridge, achieving first class honours in Parts I and II of the Natural Sciences Tripos and completing 2nd MB studies in physiology and anatomy in 1930.[6] He qualified in 1938 at University College Hospital, London, at University College London.[3]

Cochrane was born with porphyria. This caused health problems throughout his life. He tried treatment using psychoanalysis under Theodor Reik, following Reik to Berlin, then Vienna and the Hague as the influence of the Nazis increased, combining his treatment with undertaking medical studies in Vienna and Leiden.[6] He became dissatisfied with psychoanalysis. However, he became fluent in German which was useful later on in life.[7] His travels also convinced him of the importance of the anti-fascist cause.[8]

During the Spanish Civil War, Cochrane served as a member of a British Ambulance Unit within the Spanish Medical Aid Committee.[3] In World War II he joined the British Army and was captured during the Battle of Crete and subsequently worked as a Medical Officer at Salonika (Greece) and Hildburghausen, Elsterhorst and Wittenberg an der Elbe (Germany) prisoner of war camps. His experience in the camp led him to believe that much of medicine did not have sufficient evidence to justify its use.[9]

He said, "I knew that there was no real evidence that anything we had to offer had any effect on tuberculosis, and I was afraid that I shortened the lives of some of my friends by unnecessary intervention.[1] As a result, he spent his career urging the medical community to adopt the scientific method.

After the war he studied for a Diploma in Public Health at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and spent a year at the Henry Phipps Institute in Philadelphia on a Rockefeller Fellowship.[10] Cochrane joined the Medical Research Council's Pneumoconiosis Unit at Llandough Hospital, a part of Welsh National School of Medicine, now Cardiff University School of Medicine in 1948. Here he began a series of studies on the health of the population of Rhondda Fach — studies which pioneered the use of randomised controlled trials (RCTs).[11]

Cardiff University has released an online video of the Rhondda Fach studies. The video shows some archive footage of the community study. Cochrane describes what he was looking for in the surveys.[12]

Academic life

In 1960 he was appointed David Davies Professor of Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases at the Welsh National School of Medicine, now Cardiff University School of Medicine and nine years later became Director of the new Medical Research Council’s Epidemiology Research Unit at 4 Richmond Road, Cardiff. His groundbreaking paper on validation of medical screening procedures, published jointly with fellow epidemiologist Walter Holland in 1971, became a classic in the field.[13]

His 1971 Rock Carling Fellowship monograph Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services, first published in 1972 by the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust — now known as the Nuffield Trust,[1] was very influential. To quote from the book's summary :

"An investigation into the workings of the clinical sector of the NHS strongly suggests that the simplest explanation of the findings is that this sector is subject to severe inflation with the output rising much less than would be expected from the input". According to a review in the British Medical Journal, "the hero of the book is the randomized control trial, and the villains are the clinicians in the "care" part of the National Health Service (NHS) who either fail to carry out such trials or succeed in ignoring the results if they do not fit in with their own preconceived ideas".[14]

Maintaining this challenge to the medical care system as he saw it, in 1978, with colleagues, he published a study of 18 developed countries in which he made the following observations: "the indices of health care are not negatively associated with mortality, and there is a marked positive association between the prevalence of doctors and mortality in the younger age groups. No explanation of this doctor anomaly has so far been found. Gross national product per head is the principal variable which shows a consistently strong negative association with mortality."[15] This work was selected for inclusion in a compendium of influential papers, from historically important epidemiologists, published by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) in 1988.[16]

Cochrane promoted the randomised trial and is a co-author with Professor Peter Elwood on a report on the first randomised trial of aspirin in the prevention of vascular disease.[17] He also promoted the cohort study and was a key adviser in a highly detailed cohort study: the Caerphilly Heart Disease Study, which was based on a representative population sample of 2,375 middle-aged men, with a response rate of 89%.[18]

Honours

For his "gallant and distinguished" services in prisoner of war camps he was awarded an MBE by the British Government;[19] for his contributions to epidemiology as a science he was later awarded the CBE.[20]

Autobiography and archive

One Man's Medicine: An Autobiography of Professor Archie Cochrane was published in 1989 and co-authored by Max Blythe. The book was out of print for a number of years but a paperback edition was published by Cardiff University in April 2009 to celebrate the centenary of Cochrane's birth.[3]

The Archie Cochrane Archive is held at the University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff University.[21]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Cochrane 1972.
  2. ↑ Elwood, P.C. "Obituary to Professor Archie Leman Cochrane" (PDF). MRC News. pp. 36–7. Retrieved 8 February 2014 – via Cardiff University.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Archie Cochrane: The name behind Cochrane". www.cochrane.org. Cochrane Collaboration. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  4. ↑ Cochrane & Blythe 2009.
  5. ↑ Cochrane & Blythe 2009, p. 3.
  6. 1 2 Cochrane & Blythe 2009, p. 269.
  7. ↑ Hill, GB (December 2000). "Archie Cochrane and his legacy: An internal challenge to physicians’ autonomy?" (PDF). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. pp. 1189–92. PMID 11146263. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  8. ↑ Cochrane & Blythe 2009, pp. 17-18.
  9. ↑ Cochrane, AL (1984). "Sickness in Salonica: My first, worst, and most successful clinical trial". British Medical Journal (Clin Res Ed) 289 (6460): 1726–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.289.6460.1726.
  10. ↑ Cochrane & Blythe 2009, pp. 115-118.
  11. ↑ "University lauds medical pioneer". BBC News. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  12. ↑ "Watch Archie Cochrane talk about his research". www.cardiff.ac.uk. Cardiff University. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  13. ↑ Cochrane, AL; Holland, WW (1971). "Validation of screening procedures". British Medical Bulletin 27 (1): 3–8. PMID 5100948.
  14. ↑ Dollery, CT (1972). "Constructive Attack. Effectiveness and Efficiency. Random Reflections on Health Services (AL Cochrane)". Book Reviews. British Medical Journal 56.
  15. ↑ Cochrane, AL; St Leger, AS; Moore, F (1978). "Health service 'input' and mortality 'output' in developed countries". J Epidemiol and Community Health 32: 200–5. doi:10.1136/jech.32.3.200.
  16. ↑ Buck, C.; Llopis, A.; Najera, Terris M., eds. (1988), The Challenge of Epidemiology: Issues and Selected Readings (Scientific Publication No. 505), Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization.
  17. ↑ Elwood, PC; Cochrane, AL; Burr, ML; Sweetnam, PM; et al. (9 March 1974). "A randomized controlled trial of acetyl Salicylic Acid in the secondary prevention of mortality from myocardial infarction". British Medical Journal 1 (5905): 436–40. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5905.436. PMC 1633246. PMID 4593555.
  18. ↑ The Caerphilly and Speedwell Collaborative Group (September 1984). "Caerphilly and Speedwell collaborative heart disease studies". Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health 38 (3): 259–62. doi:10.1136/jech.38.3.259. PMC 1052363. PMID 6332166.
  19. ↑ "Letter to Archie Cochrane, medical pioneer, from King George VI". People's Collection Wales. 1945. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  20. ↑ "Biographical Outline of Archibald Leman Cochrane (1909-1988)". Cardiff University. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  21. ↑ "Archie Cochrane Archive".

Bibliography

External links

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