Ardashir-Khwarrah

Ardashir-Khwarrah Arđaxšēr-Xwarra
Administrative division of Sasanian Pars
← ca. 224 – 651 →
Map of Sasanian Pars
Capital		Gor
Historical era		Late Antiquity
•	Established	224
•	Muslim conquest	651
Today part of		Bahrain  Iran  Kuwait  Qatar  United Arab Emirates

Ardashir-Khwarrah (Middle Persian: Arđaxšēr-Xwarra, meaning "glory of Ardashir") was one of the four (later five) administrative divisions of the Sasanian province of Pars. The other administrative divisions were Shapur-Khwarrah, Istakhr and Darabgerd, while a fifth named Arrajan was founded in the early 6th-century by Kavadh I (r. 498–531).

History

Ardashir-Khwarrah was founded by the first Sasanian king Ardashir I (r. 224-242), who around the same time also founded its capital, Gor. Although some sources state that the capital was established after Ardashir's victory in 244 over the Parthian king Artabanus V, archeological evidence confirm that it was established before the battle.^[1] In Gor, Ardashir I built a Zoroastrian tower called Terbal, which was similar to a Buddhist stupa. Furthermore, he also built a fire-temple which the 10th-century Arab historian al-Masudi reportedly visited.^[2]

In the early 5th-century, a bridge was built in Gor by the Sasanian minister (wuzurg framadār) Mihr Narseh, who was a native of Abruwan, a subdistrict in Ardashir-Khwarrah. A inscription was also written on the bridge, which says; "This bridge was built by order of Mihr-Narseh, wuzurg framadār, for his soul's sake and at his own expense... Whoever has come on this road let him give a blessing to Mihr-Narseh and his sons for that he thus bridged this crossing."^[3] Furthermore, he also founded four villages with a fire-temple in each of them. The name of the fire-temples were; Faraz-mara-awar-khwadaya, Zurwandadan, Kardadan, and Mahgushnaspan. He had a fifth fire-temple constructed in Abruwan, which may have been the Barin fire-temple that the 10th-century Persian geographer Estakhri visited, who stated that the fire-temple had an inscription that stated 30,000 dirhams was spent for its construction.^[4] Sometime before 540, a diocese was established in Gor.^[2]

In ca. 644, during the Arab invasion of Iran, one of Ardashir-Khwarrah's subdistricts, Tawwaz, was seized by al-'Ala' ibn al-Hadrami, who thereafter sent Hormoz ibn Hayyan al-'Abdi to capture Siniz, which he successfully managed to. In 649/50, Abd-Allah ibn Amir made an unsuccessful attempt to capture Gor. In 650/1, the last Sasanian king Yazdegerd III (r. 632–651) went to Gor to plan an organized resistance against the Arabs, but after receiving the news of Istakhr's fall, fled to Kerman. The Arabs then quickly seized Gor, Siraf, and the rest of Pars.^[5]

Subdistricts

The subdistricts of Ardashir-Khwarrah were;

Abarkavan Island Abarsas Abruwan Alar Alavad Gor

Bahrain Bayza Bokht-Ardashir Dih Gowaym

Irahestan Karzin Khabr Khorram-Ardashir Khunapakan

Kovar Kujaran-Ardashir Shiraz Siniz Siraf Sotuj Tawwaz

Notables from Ardashir-Khwarrah

• Farrukhmard
• Mahgushnasp
• Mihr Narseh
• Sukhra
• Shapur I
• Zurwandad

References

1. Huff 1999, pp. 633-636.
2. Bosworth 1986, pp. 384-385.
3. Perikhanian 1983, pp. 661-662.
4. Daryaee 2012.
5. Morony 1986, pp. 203-210.

Sources

• Bosworth, C. E. (1986). "ARDAŠĪR-ḴORRA". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4. pp. 384–385.
• Daryaee, Touraj (2012). "MEHR-NARSEH". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
• Huff, Dietrich (1999). "FĪRŪZĀBĀD". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IX, Fasc. 6. pp. 633–636.
• Miri, Negin (2009). Historical Geography of Fars during the Sasanian Period (PDF). Sasanika (University of Sydney). pp. 1–65.
• Morony, M. (1986). "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2. pp. 203–210.
• Perikhanian, A. (1983). "Iranian Society and Law". The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods (2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 627–681. ISBN 978-0-521-24693-4.