Argiope (spider)

Argiope
Argiope sp. with web
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Araneidae
Genus: Argiope
Audouin, 1827
Type species
Aranea lobata
Pallas, 1772
Species

See text.

Diversity
76 species

The genus Argiope includes rather large and spectacular spiders that often have a strikingly coloured abdomen. These spiders are distributed throughout the world. Most countries in tropical or temperate climates host one or more species that are similar in appearance. The etymology of the name is from a Greek name meaning "silver-faced."

Common names

Argiope Writing Spider, South Carolina

In North America, Argiope aurantia is commonly known as the black and yellow garden spider, zipper spider, corn spider, and writing spider, because of the similarity of the web stabilimenta to writing.

In England, Argiope bruennichi, where it is found only on the southern coast, and in other parts of Europe, including Germany, is also known as the wasp spider. In Australia, Argiope keyserlingi and A. aetherea are known as St. Andrew's Cross spiders, for their habit of resting in the web with legs outstretched in the shape of an X, the cross of St. Andrew. The large white zigzag in the centre of its web is called the stabilimentum or web decoration.

The East Asian species Argiope amoena is known in Japan as kogane-gumo. In the Philippines, they are known as gagambang ekis ("X spider", again due to the stabilementa), and gagambang pari ("priest spider", due to the spider's body resembling a priest's head with a mitre).

Web

The average orb web is practically invisible, and it is easy to blunder into one and end up covered with a sticky web. The very easily visible pattern of banded silk made by Argiope is pure white, and some species make an "X" form, or a zigzag type of web (often with a hollow centre). The spider then aligns one pair of its legs with each of the four lines in the hollow "X", making a complete "X" of white lines with a very eye-catching spider coloured bright yellow on a field of black or variegated red white and yellow stripes forming its centre.

The white patterns are called stabilimentum and reflect UV light. They have been shown to play a role in attracting prey to the web, and possibly to prevent its destruction by large animals. The centres of their large webs are often just under 1 metre above the ground, so they are too low for anything much larger than a rabbit to walk under.

The overtness of the spider and its web thus has been speculated to prevent larger creatures from accidentally destroying the web and possibly crushing the spider underfoot.

Other studies suggest that the stabilimenta may actually lead predators to the spider; species such as A. keyserlingi place their web predominantly in closed, complex habitats such as among sedges.

As Argiope sit in the centre of their web during the day, they have developed several responses to predators, such as dropping off the web, retreating to the periphery of the web, or even rapidly pumping the web in bursts of up to 30 seconds, similar to the motion done by the unrelated Pholcus phalangioides.[1]

Reproduction

The male spider is much smaller than the female, and unassumingly marked. When it is time to mate, he spins a companion web alongside the female's. After mating, the female lays her eggs, placing her egg sac into the web. The sac contains between 400 and 1400 eggs.

These eggs hatch in autumn, but the spiderlings overwinter in the sac and emerge during the spring. The egg sac is composed of multiple layers of silk and protects its contents from damage; however, many species of insects have been observed to parasitise the egg sacs.

Bite

Like almost all other spiders, Argiope are harmless to humans. As is the case with most garden spiders, they eat insects, and they are capable of consuming prey up to twice their size. A. savigny was even reported to occasionally feed on the small bat Rhynchonycteris naso.[2]

They might bite if grabbed, but other than for defense they do not attack large animals. Their venom is not regarded as a serious medical problem for humans; it often contains a library of polyamine toxins with potential as therapeutic medicinal agents.[3] Notable among these is the argiotoxin ArgTX-636 (A. lobata).

A bite by the black and yellow garden spider (Argiope aurantia) is comparable to a bee sting with redness and swelling. For a healthy adult, a bite is not considered an issue.

Though they are not aggressive spiders, the very young, elderly, or those with compromised immune systems should exercise caution just as one would around a beehive.[4]

Species

  • Argiope aemula (Walckenaer, 1841) — India to Philippines, Sulawesi, New Hebrides
  • Argiope aetherea (Walckenaer, 1841) — China to Australia
  • Argiope aetheroides Yin et al., 1989 — China, Japan
  • Argiope ahngeri Spassky, 1932 — Central Asia
  • Argiope amoena L. Koch, 1878 — China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan
  • Argiope anasuja Thorell, 1887 — Seychelles to India, Pakistan, Maldives
  • Argiope anomalopalpis Bjørn, 1997 — Congo, South Africa
  • Argiope appensa (Walckenaer, 1841) — Hawaii, Taiwan to New Guinea
  • Argiope argentata (Fabricius, 1775) — USA to Chile
  • Argiope aurantia Lucas, 1833 — Canada to Costa Rica
  • Argiope aurocincta Pocock, 1898 — Central, East, Southern Africa
  • Argiope australis (Walckenaer, 1805) — Central, East, Southern Africa, Cape Verde Islands
  • Argiope bivittigera Strand, 1911 — Indonesia
  • Argiope blanda O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — USA to Costa Rica
  • Argiope boesenbergi Levi, 1983 — China, Korea, Japan
  • Argiope bougainvilla (Walckenaer, 1847) — New Guinea to Solomon Islands
  • Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) — Palearctic
  • Argiope brunnescentia Strand, 1911 — New Guinea, Bismarck Archipel
  • Argiope buehleri Schenkel, 1944 — Timor
  • Argiope bullocki Rainbow, 1908 — New South Wales
  • Argiope caesarea Thorell, 1897 — India, Myanmar, China
  • Argiope caledonia Levi, 1983 — New Caledonia, New Hebrides
  • Argiope cameloides Zhu & Song, 1994 — China
  • Argiope catenulata (Doleschall, 1859) — India to Philippines, New Guinea
  • Argiope chloreis Thorell, 1877 — Laos, Sumatra to New Guinea
  • Argiope comorica Bjørn, 1997 — Comoro Islands
  • Argiope coquereli (Vinson, 1863) — Zanzibar, Madagascar
  • Argiope dang Jäger & Praxaysombath, 2009 — Thailand, Laos
  • Argiope dietrichae Levi, 1983 — Western Australia, Northern Australia
  • Argiope doboensis Strand, 1911 — Indonesia, New Guinea
  • Argiope doleschalli Thorell, 1873 — Indonesia
  • Argiope ericae Levi, 2004 — Brazil, Argentina
  • Argiope flavipalpis (Lucas, 1858) — Africa, Yemen
  • Argiope florida Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944 — USA
  • Argiope halmaherensis Strand, 1907 — Moluccas to New Guinea
  • Argiope hinderlichi Jäger, 2012 — Laos
  • Argiope intricata Simon, 1877 — Philippines
  • Argiope jinghongensis Yin, Peng & Wang, 1994 — China, Laos, Thailand
  • Argiope katherina Levi, 1983 — Northern Australia
  • Argiope keyserlingi Karsch, 1878 — Queensland, New South Wales, Lord Howe Islands
  • Argiope kochi Levi, 1983 — Queensland
  • Argiope legionis Motta & Levi, 2009 — Brazil
  • Argiope levii Bjørn, 1997 — Kenya, Tanzania
  • Argiope lobata (Pallas, 1772) — Old World
  • Argiope luzona (Walckenaer, 1841) — Philippines
  • Argiope macrochoera Thorell, 1891 — Nicobar Islands, China
  • Argiope madang Levi, 1984 — New Guinea
  • Argiope magnifica L. Koch, 1871 — Queensland to Solomon Islands
  • Argiope mangal Koh, 1991 — Singapore
  • Argiope manila Levi, 1983 — Philippines
  • Argiope mascordi Levi, 1983 — Queensland
  • Argiope minuta Karsch, 1879 — Bangladesh, East Asia
  • Argiope modesta Thorell, 1881 — Borneo to Australia
  • Argiope niasensis Strand, 1907 — Indonesia
  • Argiope ocula Fox, 1938 — China, Taiwan, Japan
  • Argiope ocyaloides L. Koch, 1871 — Queensland
  • Argiope pentagona L. Koch, 1871 — Fiji
  • Argiope perforata Schenkel, 1963 — China
  • Argiope picta L. Koch, 1871 — Moluccas to Australia
  • Argiope pictula Strand, 1911 — Sulawesi
  • Argiope ponape Levi, 1983 — Caroline Islands
  • Argiope possoica Merian, 1911 — Sulawesi
  • Argiope probata Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland
  • Argiope protensa L. Koch, 1872 — New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand
  • Argiope pulchella Thorell, 1881 — India to China and Indonesia
  • Argiope pulchelloides Yin et al., 1989 — China
  • Argiope radon Levi, 1983 — Northern Australia
  • Argiope ranomafanensis Bjørn, 1997 — Madagascar
  • Argiope reinwardti (Doleschall, 1859) — Malaysia to New Guinea
    • Argiope reinwardti sumatrana (Hasselt, 1882) — Sumatra
  • Argiope sapoa Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines
  • Argiope sector (Forsskal, 1776) — North Africa, Middle East, Cape Verde Islands
  • Argiope squallica Strand, 1915 — New Guinea
  • Argiope submaronica Strand, 1916 — Mexico to Bolivia, Brazil
  • Argiope takum Chrysanthus, 1971 — New Guinea
  • Argiope tapinolobata Bjørn, 1997 — Senegal, Namibia
  • Argiope taprobanica Thorell, 1887 — Sri Lanka
  • Argiope trifasciata (Forsskal, 1775) — Cosmopolitan
    • Argiope trifasciata deserticola Simon, 1906 — Sudan
    • Argiope trifasciata kauaiensis Simon, 1900 — Hawaii
  • Argiope truk Levi, 1983 — Caroline Islands
  • Argiope versicolor (Doleschall, 1859) — China to Java
  • Argiope vietnamensis Ono, 2010 — Vietnam

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Blamires et al. 2007
  2. ↑ Timm & Losilla 2007
  3. ↑ Strømgaard, K.; Mellor, I. (2004). "AMPA receptor ligands: Synthetic and pharmacological studies of polyamines and polyamine toxins". Medicinal Research Reviews 24 (5): 589. doi:10.1002/med.20004.
  4. ↑ Hawkinson, Candice. "Beneficials in the Garden: Black-and-Yellow Argiope Spider". www.tamu.edu. Texas A&M University. Retrieved 29 September 2014.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Argiope.
Wikispecies has information related to: Argiope
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, April 20, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.