Armenian diaspora

Map of the Armenian diaspora

The Armenian diaspora refers to the communities of Armenians outside the Republic of Armenia including the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Since antiquity, Armenians have established communities in many regions throughout the world. However, the modern Armenian diaspora was largely formed as a result of the Armenian Genocide of 1915, when the Armenians living in their ancestral homeland in eastern Turkey, known as Western Armenia to Armenians, were systematically exterminated by the Ottoman government.^[1]

Terminology

In Armenian, the diaspora is referred to as spyurk (pronounced [spʰʏrkʰ]), spelled սփիւռք in classical orthography and սփյուռք in reformed orthography.^[2][3] In the past, the word gaghut (գաղութ pronounced [ɡɑˈʁutʰ]) was used mostly to refer to the Armenian communities outside the Armenian homeland. It is borrowed from the Aramaic (Classical Syriac) cognate^[4] of Hebrew galut (גלות).^[5][6]

History

The Armenian diaspora has been present for over seventeen hundred years.^[7] The modern Armenian diaspora was formed largely after the World War I as a result of the Armenian Genocide. According to Randall Hansen, "Both in the past and today, the Armenian communities around the world have developed in significantly different ways within the constraints and opportunities found in varied host cultures and countries."^[1]

After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk took the region of Western Armenia. As a result of the Armenian Genocide, Armenians were forced to flee to different parts of the world (approximately half a million in number) and created new Armenian communities far from their native land. Through marriage and procreation, the number of Armenians in the diaspora who trace their lineage to those Armenians who survived and fled Western Armenia is now several million. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, approximately one million Armenians have joined the diaspora largely as a result of difficult economic conditions in Armenia. Jivan Tabibian, an Armenian scholar and former diplomat in Armenia said, Armenians "are not place bound, but... are intensely place-conscious."^[8]

In the fourth century, Armenian communities already existed outside of Greater Armenia. Diasporic Armenian communities emerged in the Sassanid and Persian empires, and also to defend eastern and northern borders of the Byzantine Empire.^[9] In order to populate the less populated areas of Byzantium, Armenians were relocated to those regions. Some Armenians converted to Greek Orthodoxy while retaining Armenian as their language, whereas others stubbornly clung on to remain in the Armenian Church despite pressure from official authorities. A growing number of Armenians voluntarily migrated or were compelled to move to Cilicia during the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. After the fall of the kingdom to the Mamelukes and loss of Armenian statehood in 1375, up to 150,000 went to Cyprus, the Balkans, and Italy.^[9] Although an Armenian diaspora existed during Antiquity and the Middle Ages, it grew in size due to emigration from the Ottoman Empire, Iran, Russia, and the Caucasus.

The Armenian diaspora is divided into two communities – those from Ottoman Armenia (or Western Armenian) and those who are from the former Soviet Union, the independent Republic of Armenia and Iran. (or Eastern Armenian)

Armenians of the modern Republic of Turkey do not consider themselves as part of the Armenian Diaspora, since they believe that they continue residing in their historical homeland.

The Armenian diaspora grew considerably during and after the First World War due to dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.^[10] Although many Armenians perished during the Armenian Genocide, some of the Armenians managed to escape, and established themselves in various parts of the world.

Distribution

Today, the Armenian diaspora refers to communities of Armenians living outside the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, since these regions form part of Armenians' indigenous homeland. The total Armenian population living worldwide is estimated to be 11,000,000.

Of those, approximately 3 million live in Armenia, 130,000 in the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and 120,000 in the region of Javakhk in neighboring Georgia. This leaves approximately 7,000,000 in diaspora (with the largest populations in Russia, the United States, France, Argentina, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Canada, Ukraine, Greece, and Australia).^[11]

Less than one third of the world's Armenian population lives in Armenia. Their pre-World War I population area was six times larger than that of present-day Armenia, including the eastern regions of Turkey, northern part of Iran, southern part of Georgia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhichevan regions of Azerbaijan.^[12]

Population by country

The table below lists countries and territories where at least a few Armenians live, with their number according to official data and estimates by various organizations and media.

Estimates may vary greatly, because no reliable data are available for some countries. In France, Syria, Iran, Lebanon, Germany and many other countries, ethnicity was never enumerated during population censuses and it is virtually impossible to determine the actual number of Armenians living there. Data on people of foreign origin (born abroad or having a foreign citizenship) is available for most European Union countries, but doesn't present the whole picture and can hardly be taken as a source for the number of Armenians, because in many countries, most prominently France, most Armenians aren't from the Republic of Armenia and they don't have any legal connection with their ancestral homeland. Also, not all Armenian citizens and people born in Armenia are ethnic Armenians, but the overwhelming majority of them are, as about 97.9% of the country's population is Armenian.^[13]

For other countries, such as Russia, the official number of Armenians is believed, by many, to have been underrated, because many migrant workers live in the country.

List of countries and territories by Armenian population

Rank	Country/territory	Official data (latest available)	Estimations or unofficial data	Article
1	Russia	1,182,388 (2010 census)[14]	1,500,000,[15] 2,000,000,[16] 2,500,000,[17] 2,900,000[18]	Armenians in Russia
2	United States	483,366 (2011 ACS)[19]	1,000,000,[20] 1,500,000[21]	Armenian Americans
3	France	500,000[22]	300,000,[15] 400,000,[23] 500,000,[24] 750,000[25]	Armenians in France
4	Georgia	248,929 (2002 census)[26]		Armenians in Georgia
5	Ukraine	99,894 (2001 census)[27]	100,000,[28] 250,000[29]	Armenians in Ukraine
6	Iran	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	70,000–80,000,[30] 70,000-90,000,[31] 120,000,[32] 150,000,[33] 200,000[34]	Iranian Armenians
7	Turkey[note 1]	55,354 (1965, Armenian speakers)[note 2]	50,000,[15] 50,000–70,000,[36] 60,000[37]	Armenians in Turkey
8	Lebanon	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	70,000–80,000,[38] 100,000[15]	Armenians in Lebanon
9	Argentina	1,227 (2001, born in Armenia)[39]	70,000[40]	Armenians in Argentina
10	Syria	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	35,000–40,000,[41] 60,000,[42]	Armenians in Syria
11	Canada	50,500 (2006 census)[43]	50,000,[44] 60,000–65,000[45]	Armenian Canadian
12	Greece	7,742 (2001, Armenian citizens)[46]	60,000,[47] 70,000-80,000[48]	Armenians in Greece
13	Abkhazia[note 3]	41,907 (2011 census)[49]	50,000,[50] 70,000[51]	Armenians in Abkhazia
14	Bulgaria	10,832 (2001 census)[52]	50,000[53]	Armenians in Bulgaria
15	Uzbekistan	50,537 (1989 census)[54]	42,359,[55] 50,000,[56]	Armenians in Uzbekistan
16	Spain	11,706 (2011, Armenian citizens)[46]	45,000,[57] 80,000[58]	Armenians in Spain
17	Germany	11,205 (2011, Armenian citizens)[46]	30,000,[59] 50,000-60,000[60]	Armenians in Germany
18	Poland	3,000 (2011 census)[61]	15,000–30,000,[53] 40,000,[62] 50,000[63]	Armenians in Poland
19	Australia	15,791 (2006 census)[64]	50,000[65]	Armenians in Australia
20	Brazil	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	30,000,[66] 35,000-40,000[67]	Armenian Brazilian
21	Belarus	8,512 (2009 census)[68]	25,000,[69] 30,000[70]	Armenians in Belarus
22	Turkmenistan	31,829 (1989 Soviet census)[71]	20,000-22,000,[72] 30,000[73]	Armenians in Turkmenistan
23	Kazakhstan	11,031 (2010 official est.)[74]	20,000-25,000,[75] 25,000[76]	Armenians in Kazakhstan
24	United Kingdom	1,720 (2011, Armenian citizens)[77]	18,000[78]	Armenians in the United Kingdom
25	Hungary	161 (2011, Armenian citizens)[46]	6,000,[53] 30,000[79]	Armenians in Hungary
26	Uruguay	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	15,000[80]	Armenians in Uruguay
27	Iraq	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	10,000[81]	Armenians in Iraq
28	Netherlands	705 (2011, Armenian citizens)[46]	12,000[82]	Armenians in the Netherlands
29	Belgium	9,633 (2011, Armenian citizens)[46]	7,000[83]	Armenians in Belgium
30	Kuwait	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	6,000[84]	Armenians in Kuwait
31	Egypt	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	6,000[85]	Armenians in Egypt
32	Czech Republic	2,100 (2011, born in Armenia)[22]	~10,000[86]	Armenians in the Czech Republic
33	Sweden	1,672 (2011, born in Armenia)[22]	5,000[87]	Armenians in Sweden
34	Austria	2,667 (2009, Armenian citizens)[46]	4,000[88]	Armenians in Austria
35	Romania	1,780 (2002 census)[89]	5,000,[90] 7,500-10,000[53]	Armenians in Romania
36	Latvia	2,742 (2008 yearly statistics)[91]	3,000[92]	Armenians in Latvia
37	Switzerland	612 (2010, Armenian citizens)[93]	4,500[94]	Armenians in Switzerland
38	Venezuela	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	3,500[95]
39	Cyprus	1,341 (2001 census)[96]	3,000-3,500[97]	Armenians in Cyprus
40	Estonia	1,402 (2011 census)[98]	3,000[99]	Armenians in Estonia
41	Italy	666 (2011, Armenian citizens)[46]	3,000[100]	Armenians in Italy
42	Denmark	605 (2011, born in Armenia)[22]	3,000[101]	Armenians in Denmark
43	United Arab Emirates	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	3,000[69]	Armenians in the UAE
44	Tajikistan	5,651 (1989 Soviet census)[102]	3,000[103]	Armenians in Tajikistan
45	Jordan	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	3,000[104]	Armenians in Jordan
46	Moldova	2,873 (1989 Soviet census)[105]	2,000-4,000[106]	Armenians in Moldova
47	Lithuania	1,477 (2001 census)[107]	2,500[108]	Armenians in Lithuania
48	Israel	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	2,000,[109] 3,000[110]	Armenians in Israel
49	Azerbaijan[note 4]	183 (2009 census)[112]	2,000–3,000,[113] 5,000[114]	Armenians in Azerbaijan
50	Kyrgyzstan	1,364 (1999 census)[115]	900-1,000[116]	Armenians in Kyrgyzstan
51	Chile	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	1,500[117]
52	Norway	275 (2012, country of origin)[note 5]	1,000[119]
53	Finland	93 (2011, Armenian citizens)[46]	200,[120] 1,000[69]
54	Malta	10 (2008, Armenian citizens)[46]	500[121]
55	Slovakia	261 (2005, born in Armenia)[22]	500[122]
56	Slovenia	7 (2005, born in Armenia)[22]	500[122]
57	Albania	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	400[123]
58	Mexico	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	400[124]	Armenians in Mexico
59	Serbia	222 (2011 census)[125]	300–350[126]	Armenians in Serbia
60	Macedonia	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	300[127]	Armenians in Macedonia
61	South Africa	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	300[128]
62	Peru	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	250[128]
63	New Zealand	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	200[129]
64	India	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	200[130]
65	Ireland	70 (2011, born in Armenia)[22]	150[131]
66	Portugal	105 (2009, born in Armenia)[22]
67	Ethiopia	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	80-90[132]	Armenians in Ethiopia
68	Cuba	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	80[133]
69	Singapore	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	80[134]	Armenians in Singapore
70	China	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	50-60[135]	Armenians in China
71	Japan	21 (2000, Armenian citizens)[136]	50-60[137]
72	Thailand	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	40-50[138]
73	Morocco	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	25-30[139]
74	Luxembourg	7 (2001, Armenian citizens)[46]
75	Bangladesh		1[140]	Armenians in Bangladesh
Total	5,605,725		6,849,192 — 10,507,133

Notes

1. Hamshenis and Crypto-Armenians are not included.
2. According to the Turkish 1965 census, 33,094 people indicated Armenian as their mother language and 22,260 as their second best language spoken.^[35]
3. De facto independent, de jure part of Georgia.
4. Excluding Nagorno-Karabakh. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) is a de facto independent state that is generally not considered part of the Armenian diaspora. It is internationally recognized as de jure part of Azerbaijan. According to the 2005 census, the number of Armenians in NKR is 137,380.^[111]
5. Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents.^[118]

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Bibliography

• Ayvazyan, Hovhannes (2003). Հայ Սփյուռք հանրագիտարան [Encyclopedia of Armenian Diaspora] (in Armenian) 1. Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia publishing. ISBN 5-89700-020-4.
• de Waal, Thomas (2003). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814719459.

External links

• Armenian Ministry of Diaspora official website
• Hayern Aysor (Armenians Today) Official site of the Armenian Ministry of the Diaspora
• ArmDiasporaMuseum.com
• The Armenian Diaspora Today: Anthropological Perspectives. Articles in the Caucasus Anallytical Digest No. 29