Arthur Peppercorn
Arthur Henry Peppercorn, OBE (29 January 1889 – 3 March 1951) was the last Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the London and North Eastern Railway.
Career
Arthur Peppercorn was born in Leominster in 1889 and educated at Hereford Cathedral School. In 1905 he started his career as an apprentice with the Great Northern Railway (GNR) at Doncaster.[1] Gresley took a liking to the young apprentice and would supervise his career, in turn, Peppercorn was devoted to Gresley, and would in time be treat almost like one of the family.
Gresley's sudden death in 1941 was a shock to all in the LNER, and although Peppercorn was considered for the role, his great modesty in comparison with that of the other candidiate, Edward Thompson as well as the influence Thompson held within the LNER seniority meant that it was Thompson who succeeded Gresley. At 60 years old however, both the LNER and Thompson recognised his appointment was not a permanent solution, and both Peppercorn and Harrison were ready in the wings.
When Peppercorn did succeed Thompson as CME on 1 July 1946, his style of work proved to be the polar opposite of that of his predeceesor. Peppercorn was recognised as an amiable and very well liked man, though despite his popularity, he remained a very modest, humble man. Peppercorn believed the job was above him, but in truth, he possessed much of the outstanding ability of his great mentor Sir Nigel Gresley. He could see beyond the limitations of the Gresley conjugated valve gear, and also the flaws surrounding the Thompson locomotives. Peppercorn finished several projects which were started by Thompson, and cancelled others. He revised the K1/1 design to build a batch of 70 class K1s, continued the building of the B1s, and halted further butchery of the A10 class into A1/1 specification. His most significant mark on railway history must be his LNER Peppercorn Class A1 and the LNER Peppercorn Class A2.
Edward Thompson had set down a strict set of design guidelines for the incoming CME, relating directly to the upcoming design of Express Passenger Pacific Locomotive. The design was to draw heavily on the A1/1 Pacific Great Northern which had been rebuilt during Thompson's time in office. This would have created a cross between the A2/3 Pacifics, and Great Northern's 6'8" driving wheels. By the time Peppercorn was in office, reports of Great Northern's persistent frame problems, hot axleboxes, and steam leaks were all filtering back into the design office. The general belief was that the issue was being brought about because of a lack of frame support at the front end, largely due to the cylinders not being mounted aligned with each other (an aspect of divided drive combined with equal length connecting rods). Thompson's guidelines would have produced another locomotive with the cylinders apart, so Peppercorn decided against it, and brought the cylinders in line, and arranged the locomotive as something of a merging of both Gresley's A4 and Thompson's A2/1, creating first the A2 class, and then the A1.
Both of the Peppercorn Pacifics utilised a boiler incorporating a 50 sq ft grate, allowing for very high power levels to be produced, but at the cost of a relatively high fuel consumption, and consequently, though both the A1 and A2 classes were regarded as excellent locomotives, they were not especially popular with those who had to fire them. In addressing the limitations of both the Thompson Pacifics, and those of Gresley, Peppercorn had produced engines which could not only master virtually all the work put to them in commanding fashion, but also without the drawbacks of centre big end bearing overheat, leaking steam pipe connections, frame fractures or any of the other flaws which blighted the previous LNER Pacifics. The A1s were intended to take over from the A4s on non-stop express duties, but the advantage of the A4's low fuel consumption meant the A1's failed to dent their monopoly on the non-stop expresses, which after postwar frame alignment and fitting of double Kylchap Chimneys, became the standard bearer of the East Coast Main line once more.
The real strength of the A1 and A2 classes lay in their reliability. By carefully incorporating the best of Gresley and Thompson design, as well as ideas of his own, Peppercorn had produced two masterpieces of durability and low service cost. Some five of the A1s had roller bearings fitted throughout, and these five regularly clocked up mileages of over 150,000 between intermediate overhauls. Even the plain bearing A1s were capable of 90,000 miles between overhaul, and no other express passenger locomotive class in the UK could better 80,000. The first of his A2 engines had single chimneys, and when fitted with a self-cleaning smoke-boxes experienced steaming problems which took some time to resolve. Changing to Double Blast-pipe resolved much of the issues, though some of the A2s retained single chimney without self-cleaning apparatus. The A1s, being built afterwards, and incorporating the lessons learned, featured the Double Blast-pipe and Chimney from new.
These were known as some of the best British steam locomotives ever in service, the A2s were particularly powerful, and finally produced the answer to the heavy services on the Edinburgh to Aberdeen Line which had blighted both Gresley (P2 Class- too long a rigid wheelbase) and Thompson (A2/2 and A2/3- both lacking adhesion). Upon Nationalisation and the foundation of British Railways, he continued in essentially the same job, now titled "Chief Mechanical Engineer, Eastern and North Eastern Regions"; he retired at the end of 1949, two years after nationalisation.[2] Overall he was active as a railway Chief Mechanical Engineer for three and a half years.
Legacy
K1 locomotive No. 62005 was preserved by NELPG, though originally to provide spares for No. 61994 The Great Marquess. 62005 was eventually rebuilt in its own right, and has seen regular active main line service for the last 40 years.
Only one of his famous Pacific locomotives, a LNER Peppercorn Class A2, 60532 Blue Peter, was preserved, but none of the LNER Peppercorn Class A1.
A brand new A1, 60163 Tornado, built as the next in the class, was constructed. It moved under its own steam for the first time in August 2008.
Arthur Peppercorn's widow was honorary president of the A1 Steam Locomotive Trust, builder of Tornado. At age 92, she lit the first fire in Tornado’s firebox in January 2008, and was later on the footplate for Tornado's inaugural steaming at Darlington works, stating "My husband would be proud.".[3]
References
- ↑ Railway Magazine April 1951 p. 218
- ↑ "Retirement of Two C.M.E.'s". The Railway Magazine (London: Transport (1910) Ltd) 96 (586): 74. February 1950.
- ↑ "New steam age in Britain". The Mirror. 2 August 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
My husband would be proud.
External links
| Business positions | ||
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| Preceded by Edward Thompson |
Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London and North Eastern Railway 1946–1947 |
Succeeded by British Railways |
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