Asphalt plant
An asphalt plant is a plant used for the manufacture of asphalt, macadam and other forms of coated roadstone, sometimes collectively known as blacktop or asphalt concrete.
The manufacture of coated roadstone demands the combination of a number of aggregates, sand and a filler (such as stone dust), in the correct proportions, heated, and finally coated with a binder, usually bitumen based or, in some cases, tar,although tar was removed from BS4987 in 2001 and is not referred to in BSEN 13108/1. The temperature of the finished product must be sufficient to be workable after transport to the final destination. A temperature in the range of 100 to 200 degrees Celsius is normal.
Increasingly, recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) is used as part of the mix. The binder used is flammable, and the heaters are large liquid or gas fired burners. RAP is introduced after the heating process and must be accounted for in the overall mix temperature calculations. New Warm-mix technologies have allowed asphalt plants to produce asphalt at lower temperature and extend the allowable temperature range for paving. In 2014, nearly one third of all asphalt produced during the construction season was produced using warm-mix technologies.[1]
Countries have individual specifications stipulating how much of the raw material can be allowed from recycled asphalt. In-depth research shows that addition of unto 20% recycled asphalt produces the same quality of asphalt compared to 100% virgin material. The quality of Asphalt starts reducing once the percentage of recycled asphalt increases beyond 20%.
There are three main classes of plant: batch heater, semi-continuous (or "asphalt plant"), and continuous (or "drum mix"). The batch heater has the lowest throughput, the continuous plant the highest at up to around 500 tonnes per hour.
Supply of roadstone for large contracts is generally by tender with considerable pressure on price. A faulty batch of roadstone must be planed up and relaid, often with additional lane rental charges, at a cost which may be orders of magnitude higher than the original price, so sophisticated control systems are a necessity.
Main Structure
The asphalt plant is mainly composed of cold aggregate supply system, drum dryer, coal burner, coal feeder, dust collector, hot aggregate elevator, vibrating screen, filler supply system, weighing and mixing system, asphalt storage, bitumen supply system. All these components have characteristics that impact not only the overall quality of the asphalt but also the effect on the environment.[2]
Sand
One key ingredient of most roadstones is sand. Sand generally has a high water content. Boiling off this water is a large part of the energy cost of heating the aggregate, in turn a significant part of the overall cost of operation. The water content of sand also varies considerably, especially when stored outdoors, being typically of the order of some tens of percent of the overall mass of wet sand. Since sand takes the form of small grains, with a high surface area per unit volume, and binder attaches to the surface of the aggregates, the amount of dry sand in the mix is particularly critical to the overall blend; the moisture content must be measured and the equivalent dry weight calculated.
Binder
Binder comes in different grades known as "penetration" or "pen" grades, with values varying between around 30 and 300. The pen value is an expression of the depth to which a standard needle will penetrate the surface of the binder at a specified temperature (the higher the value, the softer the binder). This has an effect on the workability of hot asphalt and the stiffness of the asphalt when cooled. Lower pen values give harder wearing. Asphalt wearing courses are typically 35-50 pen, base courses will be higher, typically 200 or 300 pen. The coating plant may combine binder of different grades to achieve a grade between those held on site.
Filler
Filler, as the name implies, fills the voids between aggregate grains and improves the wearing capabilities of the overall mix.[3] It is stored and fed dry into the mix, during or after addition of binder. A common source of filler is fines from the heating process recovered by bag filters or wet filtration ponds from the exhaust of the heating drum.
Types of plant
Batch heater
A batch heater plant runs material from various cold feed hoppers into a heater drum, where the batch is then heated up to temperature. The hot aggregate is screened into numerous hot bins (depending on the various aggregate sizes).Each hot bin releases a certain amount of aggregate into a weigh hopper, then it is discharged into a mixing drum where (dry) filler and binder are added. The blend is mixed and discharged either directly into the delivery vehicles or into a small weighing and collecting hopper. To increase throughput, the heater can be heating the next batch while the previous is being mixed. Capacity is usually of the order of tens of tons per hour.
Batch heater plant is used where short production runs are common (a different recipe can be used on each mix) or where total volume is low. Mobile batch heaters are available.
Continuous
The asphalt drum mix plant (also called continuous asphalt plant) is a set of machine that produces asphalt. It is the traditional type of asphalt mixing plant. Different from asphalt batch mix plant, the asphalt drum mix plant produce asphalt in a continuous way.
Classification
By structure, the asphalt drum mix plant can be divided as single drum type plant and twin drum type plant. By functions, the asphalt drum mix plant can be divided as stationary drum plant and mobile drum plant.
Function principle
In the continuous (or drum) plant, raw aggregate is brought up from ground hoppers at a precisely controlled rate and fed into a heater drum similar to that used in the asphalt plant. Once heated it is immediately coated in the same drum (with the binder spraybars situated behind the burner) or in a smaller drum situated immediately behind it. Finished product is almost invariably discharged into a hot storage silo or surge bin rather than directly into delivery vehicles. The use of silos with batching systems on top help reduce the risks of segregation [4]
Changing mix is achieved by varying the feed rates of the aggregate, filler and binder feeders, with time delays so that the change of blend occurs at the same point in the coating drum. Sand tends to move more slowly through the heating drum, so the blend proportions will not necessarily change at the same point on the feed conveyor. It is common to divert a small amount of material to a waste chute when the transition point reaches the hot elevator.
Drum mix plants are not really suitable for short production runs; although with sophisticated controls the change of mix can be accurate to within some seconds, production rates of hundreds of tonnes per hour may equate to a tonne every ten seconds or so.
Hot storage
Finished roadstone must be kept heated to avoid setting. It is commonly stored in large electrically heated insulated stainless steel silos, from which it is weighed into delivery vehicles. This may be achieved by intermediate weigh hoppers (which may shuttle between hoppers) or by mounting the hoppers directly on load cells. Control of loadout by this method involves accurately predicting the material "in flight" between the discharge door and the vehicle.
Control
Precise control is a necessity. Asphalt mixing and loadout plant typically use a combination of industrialised computer control and programmable logic controllers to achieve this.
With asphalt being a real-time product, asphalt plant scheduling,[5] and load-out timing is important when it comes to delivering product amounts to job sites, etc. 2008 has provided plants with a level of control over equipment by utilizing GPS, RFID and other forms of tracking systems. Tracking provides information throughout the supply chain to make sure that the right amount and type of product is delivered to the correct site in a timely manner and with better accuracy. Since asphalt is a highly perishable product, like concrete, these asphalt software can benefit the plant, the paving crews, and especially the people who will be driving over it.
References
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