Astra 19.2°E
Astra 19.2°E is the name for the group of Astra communications satellites co-located at the 19.2°East orbital position in the Clarke Belt that are owned and operated by SES based in Betzdorf, Luxembourg.
Astra 19.2°E used to be commonly known as Astra 1, as it was the first orbital position used by Astra and the craft positioned there all have the Astra 1x name, but this was changed by SES to Astra 19.2°E in 2008, to avoid confusion with other Astra orbital positions that now include Astra 1x craft originally positioned at 19.2°East.
The Astra satellites at 19.2°East provide for services downlinking in the 10.70 GHz-12.70 GHz range of the Ku band.
Astra 19.2°E is one of the major TV satellite positions serving Europe, transmitting over 1,150 TV, radio and interactive channels to more than 93 million direct-to-home (DTH) and cable homes in 35 countries[1] (the other major satellite positions being at 13° East, 28.2° East, 23.5° East, and 5° East).
There are more than 40 high definition television (HDTV) channels broadcast by the satellites at 19.2°E, using five HDTV platforms.[2] SES was instrumental in introducing satellite HDTV broadcasting in Europe, using the Astra 19.2°E satellites, and helped establish the HD ready specifications for TVs to view HDTV broadcasts. A subsidiary of SES, HD+ operates the HD+ free-to-view platform of German channels from Astra 19.2°E.
Astra 19.2°E was one of the last satellite position to carry numerous analogue channels, until April 30, 2012 when the switch-off of German analogue broadcasts was completed.[3] It is also the only position to have carried radio stations in the proprietary Astra Digital Radio format, although that technology was superseded by DVB-S radio as the analogue transponders that carried the service switched to digital.[4]
Satellite craft in use
Current
Previous
- Astra 1A (retired)
- Astra 1B (retired)
- Astra 1C (inactive, currently moving west)[6]
- Astra 1D (inactive, current location 47.5°W)[7]
- Astra 1E (currently moving west)[8]
- Astra 1F (inactive, current location 44.5°E)[9]
- Astra 1G (inactive, current location 60°E)[10]
- Astra 1H (inactive, current location 47.5°W)[11]
- Astra 2B (current location Astra 31.5°E)
- Astra 2C (inactive, current location 60.5°E)[12]
Market
The satellites at the Astra 19.2°E position primarily provide digital TV, digital radio and multimedia services to Europe and North Africa, principally to Algeria, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Morocco, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, and Tunisia.[2]
Astra 19.2°E provides both free-to-air and a number of pay-TV services in networks such as ARD Digital, ArenaSat, CanalDigitaal, CanalSat, Canal+, ORF Digital, Sky Germany, ProSieben, Sat.1, UPC Direct, and ZDF,[13] and is the market leader for DTH and communal dish reception in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland.[2]
The relatively close proximity of Astra 19.2°E to one of SES' other orbital positions, Astra 23.5°E, allows the use in target countries of a single small dish fitted with a monoblock Duo LNB to receive channels from both positions.
Reach
Services from the Astra satellites at 19.2° east are received in 96.93 million households (42.63 million by direct-to-home satellite and 54.30 million via cable).[14]
History
Launched in 1988, Astra 1A was the first satellite in the Astra 19.2°E group. With 16 transponders, Astra 1A was the first satellite intended for DTH reception of satellite TV across Europe. From the start of transmissions in 1989, Astra 1A carried four channels for Sky Television plc, the world's first commercial multi-channel DTH service, on transponders leased before the satellite was completed.
Early channels broadcasting from 19.2°East included those primarily intended for the UK, Germany, the Benelux countries, and Scandinavia, and so-called pan-European channels such as MTV Europe, CNN International, and National Geographic Channel.
Astra 1A was joined at 19.2°East by Astra 1B in 1991 and subsequently by Astra 1C in 1993, establishing SES' principles of co-locating satellites for the provision of transparent backup by each satellite for the others in the group.
The first three satellites at Astra 19.2°E carried only analogue channels in PAL and D2-MAC. The fourth satellite, Astra 1D launched in 1994, was originally intended to carry the first European digital TV channels but the rapid expansion of satellite television across Europe and demand for analogue TV capacity meant that it was primarily used for analogue signals.
Astra 1E (1995) was dedicated to digital satellite TV services for Europe and subsequent satellites launched to Astra 19.2°E were also all-digital in the traffic they carried.
Hand-in-hand with the switchover to digital transmission of TV by satellite came a shift to encryption and the targeting of channels to individual countries or regions. The demand for digital TV capacity was so great that SES opened up additional orbital positions to provide for new digital networks aimed at specific countries, starting with Astra 28.2°E for the UK and Ireland, in 1998. That became the home of Sky Digital, and the last Sky analogue channels left Astra 19.2°E in 2001.
Most Scandinavian broadcasters have migrated from Astra 19.2°E to 1°West and Astra 5°E, and SES has also opened orbital positions of Astra 23.5°E and Astra 31.5°E to cope with the ever-increasing demands for digital capacity and the expanding markets of Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia that are now served by Astra satellites.
Channels
| Tp | Frequency | 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 49 | 10,714 H | Nickelodeon Germany (95-96) | Der Kinderkanal (1997-2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Arte (1995–2003) | Primetime, Fresh 4U, Astro TV | sixx (11-12) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 50 | 10,729 V | CNBC Europe (1996-2004) | Das Vierte (2005-2009)[15] | Canal+ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 51 | 10,744 H | Veronica (1995–1996), CMT Europe (96-98), Bloomberg Television | Animal Planet | TV Puls | CNBC/ XXP | CNBC Germany | ARD Digital | ||||||||||||||||||
| 52 | 10,759 V | RTL 4 (95-96) | QVC Germany (1996-2012) | SES (HD)/HD+ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 53 | 10,773 H | SBS6 (95-96) | JSTV (1996–2001), CNE (-98) | DVB | T-DSL | Canal+ | Anixe | ||||||||||||||||||
| 54 | 10,788 V | Zee TV (1995–2000), The Chinese Channel (1995–1997) | CanalSat | Canal+ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 55 | 10,803 H | Teleclub (1995–2000) | N24 (2000-2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 56 | 10,818 V | DF 1 | UK Horizons (-98), UK Style (-98) | Bloomberg Germany (98-01), TV Travel Shop (-) | Canal+ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 57 | 10,832 H | SBS6 (1996) | UK Horizons (98-01), UK Play (-2001) | DVB | DVB | Canal+ | DVB | HD+ (2009-) | |||||||||||||||||
| 58 | 10,847 V | Granada Good Life (1996-), Computer Channel, Granada Breeze (-2000), .TV (-2000), Zomer TV (-1996), Sky Box Office 4 | B.TV (00-01) | Tango TV (02-), PIN24/TV Shop | Canal+ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 59 | 10,862 H | Granada Talk TV (96-97), Sky Scottish (96-98), Rapture TV (-2000), FilmFour (-2000) | K1010 TV (04-05) | TVP Digital (2005-) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 60 | 10,877 V | Sky Movies Gold (1995–1997), The Weather Channel (1996-), The Racing Channel (1996–2000), Sky Box Office 2 | Get | Canal+ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 61 | 10,891 H | Pro Sieben (-1997), Phoenix (1997) | Südwest Fernsehen RP (1997-2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 62 | 10,906 V | Home Order Television (1995–2001) | HSE24 (2001-2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 63 | 10,921 H | Filmnet (-1997), Channel 5 (-2001) | UPC Direct | Premiere | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 64 | 10,936 V | RTL 5 (-96) | tm3 (1996–2001) | 9 Live (2001-2010) | Canal+ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Tp | Frequency | 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 33 | 10,964 H | ZDF (1993-2012) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 34 | 10,979 V | UK Living (1993–2001), Chinese Channel (1994–1995) | Canal+ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 35 | 10,994 H | The Children's Channel (1993–1998), The Family Channel (1993–1997), China News and Entertainment (1993–1994), Challenge (1997–2001) | Arte (-2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 36 | 11,009 V | Minimax (1993–1997), Documanía (-1997) | Phoenix (1997-2012)[16] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 37 | 11,023 H | Cartoon Network UK (93-), TNT UK (93-00), TCM UK (00-01) | B.TV (01-05) | Astro TV (2005–08) | Premiere HD | Telespazio | SES/Canal Digitaal | ||||||||||||||||||
| 38 | 11,038 V | QVC UK (1993–2001) | Canal+ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 39 | 11,053 H | WDR Fernsehen (1993-2012) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 40 | 11,068 V | Cineclassics (1993–1997) | Hessen Fernsehen (-2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 41 | 11,082 H | Discovery Channel UK (1993–2001), CMT Europe (1993–1994), TLC UK (-1997), Discovery Home & Leisure UK (1997–2001) | BR-alpha (-2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 42 | 11,097 V | Bravo (1993–2001), EBN (1995–98), Trouble (1997–2001), CNBC Europe (-98) | DVB | Canal+ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 43 | 11,112 H | MDR Fernsehen (1993-2012) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 44 | 11,127 V | Galavision (1993–1997), Sky Travel (1997–2000), Sky Movies Gold (1997–2000) | VIVA | Canal+ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 45 | 11,141 H | Bayerisches Fernsehen (1993-2012) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 46 | 11,156 V | Nickelodeon UK (1993–2001), TV Asia (1993-), Paramount Comedy (1995–2001) | Canal+ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 47 | 11,171 H | Sky Sports 2 (94-01), Sci Fi Channel UK (95-97), Sky Soap (95-97), Sky Sports Gold (95-97), Sky Travel (95-97), The History Channel UK (95-97) | SFB1 (01-03) | RBB Berlin (03-05) | 1-2-3 TV (2004–2008) | Orange | |||||||||||||||||||
| 48 | 11,186 V | Südwest Fernsehen Baden-Württemberg (1993-2012) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tp | Frequency | 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 1 | 11,214 H | Screensport (1989–1993) | RTL2 (1993-2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 11,229 V | RTL (1989-2012) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 11,244 H | TV3 Sweden (1989–1996) | Granada Plus/Granada Men & Motors (1996–2001) | RTL Shop/Channel 21 Shop (2001-2011) | ORF Digital | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 11,259 V | Eurosport (1989-2012) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | 11,273 H | Lifestyle/The Children's Channel (1989–1993) | VOX (1993-2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 | 11,288 V | Sat.1 (1989-2012) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7 | 11,303 H | TV1000 (1989–1996) | Fox Kids (1996–2001) | Viva Zwei (2001–2002), Viva Plus (2002–2007) | Comedy Central Germany (2007–2009) | ORF Digital HD (2009-) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Sky 2 (96-97) | National Geographic Channel (1997–2001) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8 | 11,318 V | Sky One (1989–2001) | Canal+ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 9 | 11,332 H | Eurosp. (1989) | Teleclub (1990–1995) | Kabel 1 (1995-2012) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 10 | 11,347 V | 3sat (-2012) | ZDF HD | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 11 | 11,362 H | FilmNet (1989–1997), Bloomberg (1997–2008) | ARD/ZDF/Arte HD | ZDF HD | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 12 | 11,377 V | Sky News (1989–2001) | XXP (-06) | DMAX (2006-2011) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 13 | 11,391 H | RTL-Véronique (1989–1990) | RTL 4 (1990–1995) | Super RTL (1995-2012) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 14 | 11,406 V | Pro Sieben (1989-2012) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 15 | 11,421 H | MTV Europe (1989–1997) | MTV UK & Ireland (01-07) | MTV2 Pop (01-05) | Nick Germany (05-11), Comedy Central (09-11) | SES | |||||||||||||||||||
| 16 | 11,436 V | Sky Movies (89-97), Sky Movies Screen 1 (97-98), Sky Moviemax (98-01) | Canal+ | Arena | Canal+ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Tp | Frequency | 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 17 | 11,464 H | Premiere (1991–2003) | sonnenklar.TV (2003–2009) | HD+ (2010-) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 18 | 11,479 V | The Movie Channel (91-97), Sky Movies Screen 2 (97-98), Sky Premier (98-01) | CanalSat | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 19 | 11,494 H | Eins Plus (91-93) | Das Erste (1993–2012) | ARD HD | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 20 | 11,509 V | Sky Sports (1991–2001) | Canal+ | Globecast | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 21 | 11,523 H | Tele 5 (91-92) | DSF/Sport1 (1993-2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 22 | 11,538 V | Eurosport (1991–1992), MTV Europe (1992–1994), VH1 UK (1994–2001) | Canal+ | Globecast | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 23 | 11,553 H | FilmNet (91-92) | UK Gold (1992–2001) | Tele 5 (2002-2012) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 24 | 11,568 V | JSTV (1991-?), The Children's Channel (1991-?) | CMT Europe (1994–1996) | Sky Soap (1997–1999), The History Channel UK (1997–2001), Sci Fi Channel UK (1997–2001) | DVB | CanalSat | |||||||||||||||||||
| 25 | 11,582 H | Nord 3 (1991–2001), NDR Fernsehen (2001-2012) | ARD HD | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 26 | 11,597 V | Comedy Channel (1991), HVC (1992), Sky Movies Gold (1992-), Disney Channel UK (1995–2001) | DVB | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 27 | 11,612 H | TV3 Denmark (1991–1996) | VH1 Germany/ Nickelodeon Germany (-1998) | MTV Germany (1999-2010) | VIVA (11-12) | SES | |||||||||||||||||||
| 28 | 11,627 V | CNN International (1992–2010) | Canal+ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 29 | 11,641 H | TV3 D:k (1991) | n-tv (1992-2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 30 | 11,656 V | Cinemanía (1992-?) | ORB Fernsehen/RBB Fernsehen (1997-2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31 | 11,671 H | TV3 Norway (1991–1996) | Sky Sports 3 (1996–2001) | TV Puls (-2003) | UPC Direct | ProSieben | |||||||||||||||||||
| 32 | 11,686 V | Documanía (1992–1996), Sportsmanía (1996–1997), BR alpha (1998-) | Canal+ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tp | Frequency | 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 65 | 11,720 H | DF1 | Premiere | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 66 | 11,740 V | CanalSat | Viacom | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 67 | 11,758 H | DF1 | Premiere | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 68 | 11,778 V | CanalSat | Turner | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 69 | 11,798 H | DF1 | Premiere | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 70 | 11,817 V | CanalSat | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 71 | 11,837 H | Astra service | ARD Digital | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 72 | 11,856 V | CanalSat | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 73 | 11,876 H | Nethold | DVB | UPC Direct | Netsyst. | Premiere | |||||||||||||||||||
| 74 | 11,895 V | Canal+ | CanalSat | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 75 | 11,914 H | Premiere | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 76 | 11,934 V | Canal+ | CanalSat | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 77 | 11,954 H | Nethold | ZDF Vision | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 78 | 11,973 V | Canal+ | MTV Networks | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 79 | 11,992 H | Wizja TV | UPC Direct | Premiere | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 80 | 12,012 V | Nethold | CanalDigitaal | CanalSat | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 81 | 12,032 H | DF 1 | Premiere | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 82 | 12,051 V | ProSiebenSat.1 Media | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 83 | 12,070 H | DF 1 | Premiere | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 84 | 12,090 V | DF 1 | Premiere | CanalSat | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Tp | Frequency | 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 85 | 12,110 H | Premiere | ARD Digital | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 86 | 12,129 V | CanalSat | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 87 | 12,148 H | DF 1 | Premiere | DPC | SES Platform Services | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 88 | 12,168 V | DVB | HDTV | CanalSat | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 89 | 12,188 H | RTL Group | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 90 | 12,207 V | CanalSat | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 91 | 12,226 H | DF 1 | Filial TV | Eurosport | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 92 | 12,246 V | Canal+ | DVB | SES Platform Services | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 93 | 12,266 H | Nethold | AB Sat | CanalSat | ARD Digital | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 94 | 12,285 V | Canal+ | CanalSat | Orange | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 95 | 12,304 H | Wizja TV | UPC Direct | Premiere | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 96 | 12,324 V | ARD | CanalSat | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 97 | 12,344 H | Multichoice | CanalDigitaal | DVB | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 98 | 12,363 V | CanalSat | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 99 | 12,382 H | Wizja TV | UPC Direct | Premiere | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 100 | 12,402 V | CanalSat | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101 | 12,422 H | ARD Digital | DF 1 | ARD Digital | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 102 | 12,441 V | Multichoice | Canal+ | HDTV | ArenaSat | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 103 | 12,460 H | DF 1 | Internet | DVB | DPC | SES Platform Services | |||||||||||||||||||
| 104 | 12,480 V | DF 1 | DVB | DVB | DPC | SES Platform Services | |||||||||||||||||||
| Tp | Frequency | 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 105 | 12,515 H | CanalDigitaal | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 106 | 12,522 V | Canal+ | CanalSat | CanalSat | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 107 | 12,545 H | Chello HSI | DPC | AstraSat | AstraNet | ProSieben | |||||||||||||||||||
| 108 | 12,552 V | DVB | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 109 | 12,574 H | CanalDigitaal | DVB | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 110 | 12,581 V | Canal+ | CanalSat | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 111 | 12,604 H | ARD Digital | DVB | AstraNet | Sat@Once | DVB | ARD Digital | ||||||||||||||||||
| 112 | 12,610 V | DVB | CanalSat | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 113 | 12,633 H | Internet | DVB | T-Systems | Media Broadcast | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 114 | 12,640 V | Internet | CanalSat | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 115 | 12,663 H | ZDF Vision | Internet | DVB | ORF Digital | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 116 | 12,670 V | Turner | DVB | DVB | TV Vlaanderen Digitaal | CanalSat | |||||||||||||||||||
| 117 | 12,692 H | ORF Digital | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 118 | 12,699 V | MTV Networks | CanalSat | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 119 | 12,722 H | ARD Digital | Netsyst. | ProSieben Sat.1 HDTV (05-08) | TV Vlaanderen Digitaal | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 120 | 12,728 V | Internet | Satlynx | CanalSat | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Tp | Frequency | 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
See also
- SES satellite operator
- Astra satellite family
- HD+
- Astra 28.2°E other SES orbital position
- Astra 23.5°E other SES orbital position
- Astra 5°E other SES orbital position
- Astra 31.5°E other SES orbital position
- Duo LNB
References
- ↑ SES ASTRA 19.2°East (August, 2007). Company factsheet
- 1 2 3 SES Astra 19.2°E (August 2008) Company brochure. Accessed January 26, 2012
- ↑ Germany completes analogue switch-off on satellite Rapid TV News (May 1, 2012) Retrieved on January 14, 2013
- ↑ "Dedicated DVB-S radio transponder from ARD" Broadband TV News (April 26, 2005) Retrieved on September 28, 2008
- ↑ "ASTRA 1M Satellite Successfully Launched" (Press release). SES ASTRA. November 6, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
- ↑ REAL TIME SATELLITE TRACKING AND PREDICTIONS Accessed July 17, 2015
- ↑ REAL TIME SATELLITE TRACKING AND PREDICTIONS Accessed October 26, 2015
- ↑ REAL TIME SATELLITE TRACKING AND PREDICTIONS Accessed July 16,2015
- ↑ REAL TIME SATELLITE TRACKING AND PREDICTIONS Accessed September 28, 2015
- ↑ REAL TIME SATELLITE TRACKING AND PREDICTIONS Accessed October 28, 2014
- ↑ REAL TIME SATELLITE TRACKING AND PREDICTIONS Accessed July 15, 2015
- ↑ REAL TIME SATELLITE TRACKING AND PREDICTIONS Accessed September 27, 2015
- ↑ "Astra 1F/1G/1H/1KR/1L at 19.2°E". LyngSat. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
- ↑ ASTRA Satellite Monitor research
- ↑
- ↑ Sat-UK #142 01.11.97
External links
- SES guide to receiving Astra satellites
- SES guide to channels broadcasting on Astra satellites
- SES fleet information and map
- OnAstra - Official consumers/viewers' site
- Astra HDTV website
- HD+ website
- Videobitrates of 19.2°E channels - daily measured
- Astra 1M Ku-band Wide Beam footprint(s) at SatBeams
- Astra 1M Ku-band Europe Beam footprint(s) at SatBeams
- Astra 1L Ku-band FSS Beam footprint(s) at SatBeams
- Astra 1KR Ku-band Europe Beam footprint(s) at SatBeams
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