Astraponotus

Astraponotus Temporal range: 40–36 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Late Eocene
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Placentalia
Order:	Astrapotheria
Family:	Astrapotheriidae
Genus:	Astraponotus Ameghino, 1901
Type species
Astraponotus assymmetrum Ameghino, 1901

Astraponotus is an extinct genus of herbivorous mammal belonging to the family of astrapotherids. It lived during the late Eocene (in the Mustersan SALMA, 40-36 million years ago) and its fossil remains have been found in South America.

Description

This animal was probably similar in shape and size to a modern tapir. Unlike most astrapotheres, Astraponotus was equipped with an unusually high and short skull with a narrow skull. The nasal bones were quite withdrawn, and this suggests the presence of a short proboscis. Other unusual features of Astraponotus includes the extreme reduction of the premaxillary and nasal bones, the absence of an antorbital circle and the reduction of the frontal region. The canines were long and strong, as in all astrapotheres.^[1]

Classification

Astraponotus was first described in 1901 by Florentino Ameghino, based on teeth fossils.^[2] The type species, Astraponotus assymetrum comes from Eocene terrains known as Gran Barranca, in Patagonia (Argentina). The area was later was nicknamed "Capas Astraponotenses" ("Astraponotus' layers" in Spanish) due to the abundance of the peculiar fossils of this animal. Other species were described later (for example, A. dicksoni and A. holdichi) but always based just on the remains of the teeth and jaws. Only until 2010 was described a nearly complete skull, which has allowed hypothesize the phylogenetic relationships of this animal more precissely.^[1]

The features observed in the teeth of Astraponotus are intermediate between the Middle Eocene astrapotheres and those of the Oligocene-Miocene in the degree of hypsodoncy, the reduced dental formula, and the development of accessory occlusal elements. Moreover, the skull retains plesiomorphic features also observed in the archaic genus Trigonostylops, while the auditory region and the skull base are much closer to those of Parastrapotherium, Astrapotherium and Granastrapotherium. Furthermore, the skull of Astraponotus skull differs from all astrapotheres known in its disproportionate height, the narrowness of the skull and other numerous cranial specializations that are opposite to Astrapotherium. These features seem surprisingly derived for an Eocene astrapothere, and suggests that these extreme cranial specializations were developed independently during the evolution of this order; Astraponotus could represent a lineage distinct from Astrapotherium and other Miocene forms.^[1]

Phylogeny

Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis by Vallejo-Pareja et al., 2015, showing the position of Astraponotus:^[3]

	Eoastrapostylops
	Trigonostylops Tetragonostylops Albertogaudrya Scaglia Astraponotus Maddenia Comahuetherium Parastrapotherium Astrapotheriinae Astrapotherium Astrapothericulus Uruguaytheriinae Uruguaytherium Hilarcotherium Xenastrapotherium Granastrapotherium

References

1. Kramarz, A. G., Bond M. and Forasiepi, A. M., 2010. New remains of Astraponotus (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) and considerations on Astrapothere cranial evolution. Paläontol Z. DOI 10.1007/s12542-010-0087-4.
2. F. Ameghino. 1901. Notices préliminaires sur des ongulés nouveaux des terrains crétacés de Patagonie [Preliminary notes on new ungulates from the Cretaceous terrains of Patagonia]. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Córdoba 16:349-429
3. M. C. Vallejo-Pareja, J. D. Carrillo, J. W. Moreno-Bernal, M. Pardo-Jaramillo, D. F. Rodriguez-Gonzalez and J. Muñoz-Duran (2015). "Hilarcotherium castanedaii, gen. et sp. nov., a new Miocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Astrapotheriidae) from the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Online edition. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.903960.