Attorney-General of the Turks and Caicos Islands

The Attorney-General of the Turks and Caicos Islands is the legal adviser to the Government and House of Assembly of the Turks and Caicos Islands.^[1] Previously administered indirectly via Bermuda, Jamaica and the Bahamas, the islands received their own governor and became a separate autonomous British Overseas Territory when Bahamas became independent in 1973.

Appointment and remuneration

The Attorney-General is appointed by the Governor under Section 91 of the 2011 Constitution.^[2] Under the 1988 Constitution, appointment and dismissal of the Attorney-General was in the sole discretion of the Governor.^[3] The 2006 Constitution added the requirement the Governor must consult with the Premier before appointing the Attorney-General, and may only remove the Attorney-General with the prior approval of the Secretary of State, for inability to discharge the functions of his or her office, or for misbehaviour.^[4] The 2011 constitution removed the requirement to consult with the Premier before appointment, but retained the requirement to obtain approval of the Secretary of State for removal.^[5] The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitutional and Electoral Reform Project (CER) had initially suggested that the 2011 Constitution provide for the Attorney-General to be appointed by the Premier or the Cabinet (as in other British Overseas Territories and Commonwealth countries) instead of the Governor, but in the end the CER decided to avoid recommending drastic changes to the appointment process, leaving the issue open instead for a potential future constitutional amendment.^[6]

Section 125 of the 2011 Constitution newly provides that the remuneration of the Attorney-General should be prescribed by Ordinance, that such remuneration should be paid out of the Consolidated Fund, and that the level of remuneration shall not be altered to the disadvantage of the Attorney-General save through an Ordinance which makes an equivalent reduction to the remuneration of all members of the public service.^[7]

Legal powers

Current powers

The power of the Attorney-General to act as legal adviser to the Government and the House of Assembly arises from Section 41 of the 2011 Constitution.^[1] The Attorney-General also has a variety of powers with regards to elections:

The power, in common with any registered elector and partially in common with members of the House of Assembly, to make an application to the Supreme Court to determine the question of the validity of any member's election to the House of Assembly, or whether such a member has vacated his or her seat;^[8]
The sole power to file suit in the Supreme Court to recover a fine of $1000 per day from any person who sits or votes in the legislature without reasonable belief that he or she is entitled to do so;^[9]
Newly in the 2011 Constitution, the power, in common with any registered elector, to challenge the veracity of a declaration made by a candidate for election to the House of Assembly that the said candidate "is qualified for election under section 46 and that no disqualification mentioned in section 49 applies to him or her".^[10]

Historical powers

The 1988 and 2006 Constitutions gave the Attorney-General broad powers with regards to criminal proceedings.^[11] These were, namely, the powers:^[12]

to institute and undertake criminal proceedings against any person before any court in respect of any offence against any law in force in the Islands;
to take over and continue any such criminal proceedings that have been instituted by any other person or authority; and
to discontinue at any stage before judgment is delivered any such criminal proceedings instituted or undertaken by himself or herself or any other person or authority.

Exercise of these powers was "not subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority".^[13] However, the CER raised the concern about the "many hats" worn by the Attorney-General resulting in confusion over the proper functions of the role, and also pointed out that in other parts of the Commonwealth the functions with regards to criminal proceedings were typically vested in a separate Director of Public Prosecutions.^[6] As a result, the 2011 Constitution created the new position of Director of Public Prosecutions of the Turks and Caicos Islands and handed these powers over to that officer.^[14]

Other functions

Aside from powers in legal proceedings, the Constitution gives other powers to the Attorney-General as well. The Attorney-General is a member of the Cabinet and one of five unelected members of the House of Assembly.^[15] The Attorney-General first became a member of the legislature (then, the Legislative Council) under a 1993 amendment to the 1988 constitution, which was continued under the 2006 Constitution.^[16] The CER initially recommended that the Attorney-General should be removed entirely as a member of the House of Assembly, though he or she would retain the right to speak in person or appoint a delegate to speak at Assembly meetings.^[6] In the end, the 2011 Constitution continued the Attorney-General's membership in the House of Assembly, but stripped him or her of the right to vote.^[17]

When both the Governor and Deputy Governor are absent from the country or unable to perform the functions of their offices, the Attorney-General becomes the Acting Governor.^[18] Similarly, when both the Governor and Deputy Governor are absent from a meeting of the Cabinet, the Attorney-General presides over the meeting.^[19]

The 2006 Constitution made the Attorney-General a member of the newly established five-member Advisory National Security Council.^[20] The 2011 Constitution made the Attorney-General of the newly established four-to-six person Mercy Committee (with which the Governor consults on pardons), and provided that the Mercy Committee may only transact business in the presence of the Attorney-General.^[21]

List of Attorneys-General

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Ena Joyce St. Clare Collymore Woodstock, 1977–1978 (acting)^[22]
Terence Donegan 1980–1982 ^[23] (deported, 1987)
Michael Bradley, 1980^[24]
Kurt Defreitas, 2004–2010^[25]
Huw Shepheard, 2010–2013^[25]
Rhondalee Braithwaite-Knowles, 2014- ^[26]

Notes

1 2 Constitution 2011, Section 41
↑ Constitution 2011, Section 91
↑ Constitution 1988, Section 59
↑ Constitution 2006, Section 85
↑ Constitution 2011, Section 91(2) and (3)
1 2 3 CER 2011, p. 16
↑ Constitution 2011, Section 125
↑ Constitution 2011, Section 53(2); formerly Constitution 2006, 52(2). The same provision earlier appeared in the Constitution 1988, Section 29(2), save that the reference then was to the Legislative Council.
↑ Constitution 2011, Section 54(2); formerly Constitution 2006, Section 52(2) and Constitution 1988, Section 30(2). The amount of the fine has been raised from $200 under the 1988 constitution and $500 under the 2006 constitution.
↑ Constitution 2011, Section 50(3)
↑ Constitution 2006, Section 39 and Constitution 1988, Section 17; these are identical, save for changes in the numbering of other Sections referenced.
↑ Constitution 2006, Section 39(1)
↑ Constitution 2006, Section 39(5)
↑ Constitution 2011, Section 100
↑ Constitution 2011, Section 31(1) and 43
↑ Constitution 2006, Sections 27(1) and 41(1) and Constitution 1988, Section 7(1) and 19
↑ Constitution 2011, Section 43(2)
↑ Constitution 2011, Section 26(1); formerly Constitution 2006, Section 23(1). The same provision appeared earlier in the Constitution 1988, Section 3(1), save that the reference was to the Chief Secretary rather than the Deputy Governor.
↑ Constitution 2011, Section 39(2); formerly Constitution 2006, Section 35(2) (with the reference being to the Executive Council rather than the Cabinet) and Constitution 1988, Section 15(2) (with the reference being to the Chief Secretary rather than the Deputy Governor).
↑ Constitution 2006, Section 38(1)
↑ Constitution 2011, Section 127(1) and (6)
↑ "Personalities". Discover Jamaica.com. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
↑ The Europa World Year: Kazakhstan - Zimbabwe
↑ "Michael Bradley". Telegraph.co.uk. 17 May 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
1 2 "Appointment of a new Attorney-General for the Turks and Caicos Islands". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 2010-08-10. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
↑ "New attorney general appointed in Turks and Caicos". Caribbean News Now. Retrieved 28 September 2015.

References

Final recommendations for changes to constitutional and electoral arrangements in the Turks and Caicos Islands (PDF). Turks and Caicos Islands: Constitutional and Electoral Reform Project. February 2011. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2011. legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
"Schedule 2: The Constitution of the Turks and Caicos Islands". The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2006. legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
The Constitution of the Turks & Caicos Islands and Related Legislation (PDF). Turks and Caicos Islands: Law Revision Commissioner. 1998-05-15. Retrieved 2012-10-30.

External links

Attorney-General's Chambers on gov.tc

Attorney General of the Americas

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1. Occupied jointly with the United States.
2. In 1931, Canada and other British dominions obtained self-government through the Statute of Westminster. See Canada's name.
3. Gave up self-rule in 1934, but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949.

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1651–1667 Willoughbyland (Suriname) 1670–1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands⁴ 1831–1966 British Guiana (Guyana) Since 1833 Falkland Islands⁵ Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands⁵

4. Now the San Andrés y Providencia Department of Colombia. 5. Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April–June 1982.

Africa

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Since 1658 Saint Helena¹⁴ 1792–1961 Sierra Leone 1795–1803 Cape Colony	Since 1815 Ascension Island¹⁴ Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha¹⁴ 1806–1910 Cape Colony 1807–1808 Madeira 1810–1968 Mauritius 1816–1965 The Gambia 1856–1910 Natal 1868–1966 Basutoland (Lesotho) 1874–1957 Gold Coast (Ghana) 1882–1922 Egypt	1884–1966 Bechuanaland (Botswana) 1884–1960 British Somaliland 1887–1897 Zululand 1890–1962 Uganda 1890–1963 Zanzibar (Tanzania) 1891–1964 Nyasaland (Malawi) 1891–1907 British Central Africa Protectorate 1893–1968 Swaziland 1895–1920 East Africa Protectorate 1899–1956 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan	1900–1914 Northern Nigeria 1900–1914 Southern Nigeria 1900–1910 Orange River Colony 1900–1910 Transvaal Colony 1906–1954 Nigeria Colony 1910–1931 South Africa 1914–1954 Nigeria Colony and Protectorate 1915–1931 South West Africa (Namibia) 1919–1960 Cameroons (Cameroon)⁶ 1920–1963 Kenya 1922–1961 Tanganyika (Tanzania)⁶ 1923–1965 Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)⁷ 1924–1964 Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) 1954–1960 Nigeria 1979–1980 Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)⁷

6. League of Nations mandate.
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⁸ League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty

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