Aubrey McClendon

Aubrey McClendon

McClendon in 2014
Born Aubrey Kerr McClendon
(1959-07-14)July 14, 1959
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Died March 2, 2016(2016-03-02) (aged 56)
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Cause of death Single-vehicle crash
Nationality American
Citizenship United States
Education B.A. 1981
Alma mater Duke University
Occupation CEO
Organization American Energy Partners, LP
former CEO of Chesapeake Energy
Religion Episcopalian[1]
Spouse(s) Katie McClendon
Children 3
Parent(s) Joe Connor McClendon
Carole Kerr McClendon

Aubrey Kerr McClendon (July 14, 1959 – March 2, 2016) was an American businessman and the founder and chief executive officer of American Energy Partners, LP. He was also the co-founder, chief executive officer and chairman of Chesapeake Energy. He was an outspoken advocate for natural gas as an alternative to oil and coal fuels. He was a pioneer in employing fracking, a controversial fuel extraction technique which has been widely criticized on environmental grounds.[2]

McClendon was a part-owner of the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s Oklahoma City Thunder franchise, and was part of the ownership group that moved the Seattle SuperSonics to Oklahoma City in 2008.

On March 1, 2016, McClendon was indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of conspiring "to rig bids for the purchase of oil and natural gas leases in northwest Oklahoma".[3][4] He died the following day, March 2, 2016, in a single-vehicle collision.[5][6]

Early life and education

McClendon was born July 14, 1959, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, to Joe and Carole McClendon.[7][8] He was the great-nephew of Robert S. Kerr, a governor of Oklahoma and U.S. senator from the state.[7][9]

He spent his childhood in Belle Isle, a neighborhood in Oklahoma City, and attended Belle Isle Elementary School, a public school. Later, he attended Heritage Hall Middle and Upper School, a private school.[10] He was voted senior class president at Heritage Hall and graduated as co-valedictorian of his class.[7][10] As a teenager, he started a lawn mowing business, through which he had an early encounter with Shannon Self, who later became a founding board member of Chesapeake Energy Corporation.[11]

McClendon graduated from Duke University in 1981 with a B.A. in history. His favorite area of study was the post-Civil War Reconstruction Era.[12] He minored in accounting and was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.[11] He also met his wife, the former Kathleen Upton Byrns, while at Duke.[7]

His first job after Duke was as an accountant.[11] He was inspired to move from accounting to the energy business after reading a Wall Street Journal article about two men selling their Anadarko Basin well stake for $100 million.[2] He worked as a landman at Jaytex Oil and Gas, a public company in Oklahoma City founded by his uncle, Aubrey M. Kerr, Jr.[11] McClendon left Jaytex in November 1982 to pursue his own business in the oil and natural gas industry.[11]

Business career

Chesapeake Energy Corporation

The Chesapeake Energy Building in Fort Worth, Texas, from 2008 to 2014, now the Pier 1 Imports Building.[13]

In 1983, McClendon and Tom L. Ward "threw in together" in their initial venture into oil and natural gas.[10][12] Together, they co-founded Chesapeake Energy Corporation in 1989. McClendon and Ward were both 29 at the time.[7][14] McClendon began as chairman and chief executive officer of Chesapeake, while Ward served as president and chief financial officer. The company began drilling its first two wells in Garvin County, Oklahoma, in May 1989.[15]

With Chesapeake, McClendon focused on drilling wells into unconventional reservoirs such as fractured carbonates and shales and was an early adopter of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques, which helped accelerate the company's fast early growth.[10][11] His focus on these new and unconventional techniques later led to him being called a "visionary leader" in the oil and natural gas industry.[16]

He took the firm public in 1993,[12] and in the following three years its stock was the most successful in the country, rising 274% in value from 1994–97, according to the Wall Street Journal.[17]

In 2005, Forbes Magazine named McClendon one of the country's top-performing executives for his role at Chesapeake.[18] A few years later, he was the highest paid CEO of all the S&P 500 companies in 2008, receiving a compensation package totaling $112 million.[8][19]

In 2008, McClendon was notified that his shares were no longer valuable enough to back a margin loan[20] with Goldman Sachs and other banks. In response, McClendon was forced to sell a majority of his 31.5 million shares, comprising 94% of his stake in Chesapeake and 6% of the company.[12][21] The following year, Chesapeake offered McClendon a five-year retention contract, including a $75 million bonus.[11]

In 2011, Forbes called McClendon "America's most reckless billionaire" in a cover story on his career. The profile noted his high risk tolerance and cited the sale of his shares in 2008 as a reckless move.[22] The same year, the magazine named McClendon to its 20-20 Club, comprising the eight CEOs of public companies who had delivered annualized returns of more than 20% over a 20-year period.[23] McClendon dismissed those who described him as a risk-loving wildcatter. "If I wanted to always do the most popular thing, then I’d be a follower," he said in 2012. "The funny thing is that I don’t consider myself a gambler at all. A gambler is somebody who just closes their eyes and rolls the dice. We don’t do that".[20]

Chesapeake continued to grow its gas production under McClendon from 5 million to 2.5 billion cubic feet per day from 2009 to 2013.[24] Chesapeake's discovery of large reserves of natural gas was reported to have helped reduce natural gas prices to consumers in the U.S.[9]

In a 2012 opinion piece discussing the development of the domestic oil and natural gas industry of the U.S. in the first decade of the 21st century, the former United States Secretary of Energy and Houston mayor Bill White described McClendon as "at the forefront of those heroes" of the American natural gas industry.[25]

According to allegations reported in Reuters in April 2012, McClendon took out more than $1 billion in personal loans, to finance drilling costs, from firms that were lenders to Chesapeake. This raised the potential for conflicts of interest and prompted questions on the corporate governance and business ethics of Chesapeake's senior management.[26]

On February 20, 2013, Dow Jones reported that a Chesapeake board review found no improper conduct, no improper benefit to McClendon and no increased cost to the company.[27]

On June 7, 2012, Reuters alleged that McClendon had used Chesapeake employees to perform $3 million of personal work, including engineering and accounting support and the repair of his house, in 2010. He had also used corporate planes for non-business-related travel for the McClendons' family and friends.[9] According to Chesapeake's proxy statement filed with the SEC on May 11, 2012, McClendon reimbursed the company for all but $250,000 of the employee costs. His employment agreement authorized the personal use of company aircraft by McClendon, his immediate family members and guests, "for safety, security and efficiency" reasons.[9][28]

In June 2012, Chesapeake shareholders voted to reject two board members and approve increased proxy access.[29] McClendon relinquished his chairman title in June 2012, remaining in his role as CEO.[30] McClendon stepped down from his position as CEO at Chesapeake on April 1, 2013.[31] At the time, the company was estimated to be the second largest producer of natural gas in the United States, following only ExxonMobil.[32]

Since 1992, through an initiative called the Founder Well Participation Program (FWPP), McClendon was allowed to invest in wells drilled by Chesapeake. The FWPP was first formalized and incorporated into the founders' employment agreements in connection with Chesapeake's IPO in February 1993.[33]

Following his departure from the company, McClendon retained the option to continue investing in Chesapeake wells through July 2014.[34]

In February 2015, Chesapeake filed a lawsuit against McClendon, accusing him of misappropriating company data on available land during his departure.[35] McClendon and American Energy Partners responded that he had the right to all information in his possession under his various separation agreements with Chesapeake.[35] In April 2015, American Energy - Utica, LLC reached a settlement with Chesapeake, giving them 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) of land and $25 million.[36] As of April 2015, McClendon had been in arbitration with Chesapeake regarding the lawsuit against him.[36]

American Energy Partners, LP

On April 2, 2013, McClendon founded American Energy Partners, LP (AELP), a private oil and natural gas company based in Oklahoma City.[37]

During 2013 and 2014, McClendon hired more than 600 employees and raised equity and debt commitments of approximately $15 billion.[38] AELP is an oil and natural gas company comprising several affiliated companies, including American Energy Utica LLC and American Energy Marcellus LLC, American Energy – Permian Basin, LLC, American Energy – Woodford, LLC, American Energy – NonOp, LLC, American Energy – Minerals, LLC and American Energy – Midstream, LLC.[37][39]

Natural gas advocacy

McClendon was a founding member of America's Natural Gas Alliance (ANGA), a trade association and lobbying group for independent natural gas producers, based in Washington, D.C.[19] He was an advocate for the greater use of natural gas in the United States and he funded a campaign in 2007 to draw clean-energy activists' attention to a Texas utility's plan to build 11 new coal plants.[19] He also made a donation to the Sierra Club to fund its "Beyond Coal" campaign, which had blocked more than 150 new coal plants in the United States, as of October 2013.[19][40]

McClendon was a public proponent of natural gas, fracking and shale drilling throughout his career.[10] In an appearance on 60 Minutes in 2010, McClendon argued a case for natural gas as a clean fuel and a significant job-creating industry. He defended the natural gas and oil industry's use of hydraulic fracturing techniques for well completion.[41] Later that year, he was quoted saying, "We have found something that can liberate us from the influence of OPEC, that can put several million Americans back to work, liberate us from four-dollar gasoline."[10]

Federal indictment for violating antitrust laws

On March 1, 2016, a federal grand jury indicted McClendon for violating antitrust laws, with conspiring to suppress prices paid for oil and natural gas leases by allegedly rigging the bidding process.[42] The indictment says he orchestrated a conspiracy in which two oil and gas companies colluded not to bid against each other for the purchase of leases in northwestern Oklahoma.[42][43] The conspiracy he is suspected of was orchestrating a scheme between two large energy companies, which are not named in the indictment, that was conducted from December 2007 through March 2012.[43] According to the indictment, the companies would decide ahead of time who would win bids, with the winner then allocating an interest in the leases to the other company, eliminating open competitive bidding with landowners.[42][43][44] One of the unnamed companies in the indictment turned out to be SandRidge Energy, Inc. according to Bloomberg News.[20] The United States Justice Department said this was the first case resulting from a continuing federal antitrust investigation into price fixing, bid rigging and other anticompetitive conduct in the oil and natural gas industry.[42] In 2015, Chesapeake Energy settled charges of antitrust, fraud, and racketeering violations out of court, by agreeing to pay $25 million as compensation to landowners with leases.[42]

After his indictment McClendon released a statement denying all charges, arguing that for 35 years he has worked to create jobs and help Oklahoma's economy while providing plentiful energy for the entire country.[42] "The charge that has been filed against me today is wrong and unprecedented, I have been singled out as the only person in the oil and gas industry in over 110 years since the Sherman Act became law to have been accused of this crime in relation to joint bidding on leasehold."[45] William J. Baer, assistant attorney general for the Justice Department's antitrust division, said "His actions put company profits ahead of the interests of leaseholders entitled to competitive bids for oil and gas rights on their land. Executives who abuse their positions as leaders of major corporations to organize criminal activity must be held accountable for their actions."[42]

McClendon died the next day, on March 2, 2016, in a single-occupant single-vehicle crash when he drove his vehicle straight into a concrete bridge embankment.[43] Later that day the Oklahoma City Police department related that it was too early to say if the collision was intentional. On March 3, the Justice Department filed motions to dismiss the indictment.[46]

Business ventures and investments

McClendon held a stake in various food service companies and restaurants, including Jamba Juice.[47][48] He also held stakes in several Oklahoma City restaurants, including Irma's Burger Shack,[9] Deep Fork Grill,[9] The Coach House,[49] Republic Gastro Pub,[50] Metro Wine Bistro & Bar,[9] Provision Kitchen[51] and Pops. McClendon opened Pops, a burgers and soda restaurant on the historic Route 66 highway in Arcadia, Oklahoma, in 2007.[52]

From 2004 to 2008, McClendon ran a $200 million hedge fund, Heritage Management Company LLC, with Tom Ward.[53] He invested $35 million in ProCure Treatment Centers Inc., a company with three proton-therapy based cancer treatment centers, in 2008.[54][55]

From 2004 to 2006, McClendon bought almost 400 acres (160 ha) of mostly undeveloped dunes on the east coast of Lake Michigan and the Kalamazoo River for $39.5 million. He had previously secured a half-interest on the land in 2004.[56] In 2006, the five-member Township Board representing Saugatuck, Michigan voted unanimously to rezone the land, making development more difficult. The Township Board supported the views of local citizens and the Saugatuck Dunes Coastal Alliance, who argued that McClendon's plans for development would irrevocably damage the property. He continued with the land purchase, and in 2007 his legal team began discussions of scaling back the legal restrictions on the land with township officials.[56]

In 2009, McClendon sold 171 acres (69 ha) of the land to the Western Michigan Land Conservancy.[56][57] In December 2010, McClendon filed a federal lawsuit attempting to overturn the zoning laws[56] and a settlement was reached in 2012 which voided Saugatuck's 2006 rezoning.[58]

From 2008 to 2013, McClendon was one of the U.S.'s largest landowners, owning more than 100,000 acres (40,000 ha).[59]

Oklahoma City Thunder

The Chesapeake Energy Arena, home of the Oklahoma City Thunder.

McClendon was an original member of the Professional Basketball Club LLC, which owns the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s Oklahoma City Thunder franchise.[60] He was a part of the team that moved the Seattle SuperSonics to Oklahoma City in 2008, where they were renamed the Oklahoma City Thunder. At the time the team moved, McClendon owned 20 percent of the franchise.[61]

Prior to the move, in 2007, McClendon was quoted in The Journal Record (an Oklahoma City newspaper) as saying "we (the ownership group) didn't buy the Seattle SuperSonics to keep them in Seattle". The NBA fined McClendon $250,000 in response, as his statement contradicted the organization's publicized intentions at the time.[61][62][63] In April 2014, he purchased more shares in the Oklahoma City Thunder franchise from G. Jeffrey Records Jr. .[64]

Philanthropy and community involvement

McClendon made sizable donations to and served on the board of directors for many municipal and private organizations in Oklahoma City, including the Boathouse District and Boathouse Foundation,[65] The McClendon Family Boys and Girls Club of OKC,[66] the Oklahoma City Chamber of Commerce,[67] Oklahoma State Fair[68] and Oklahoma City Public Schools.[69] He donated to Oklahoma City arts organizations, including the Lyric Theatre,[70] Ballet Oklahoma,[70] Oklahoma Museum of Art,[70] Arts Council of Oklahoma City,[70] the Oklahoma Heritage Foundation[71] and the Oklahoma City Philharmonic.[70]

From 2011 on, McClendon hosted an annual event for local Boy Scouts at his Arcadia Farm property.[72] He donated approximately $15 million to Duke University and $12.5 million to the University of Oklahoma.[9]

Honors and awards

McClendon was inducted into the Oklahoma Heritage Foundation's Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 2007,[71] and in 2009, he was a top finalist for CEO of the Year at the Platts Global Energy Awards.[73]

In 2010, U.S. Steel Tubular Products, Inc., a subsidiary of United States Steel Corporation, gave McClendon the Chief Roughneck Award, which honors the lifetime achievements of petroleum industry leaders.[74]

In 2011, he was awarded the Ernst & Young National Entrepreneur Of The Year in Energy, Cleantech and Natural Resources. In 2013, the Heritage Hall Alumni Association named McClendon, who graduated in 1977, the recipient of its Distinguished Alumni Award.[75]

Personal life and interests

McClendon lived in Oklahoma City with his wife, the former Kathleen Upton Byrns. They have three adult children named Jack, Callie, and Will. By his wife, he was related to Sports Illustrated supermodel Kate Upton.[9]

McClendon's personal wine collection was estimated at one time to include more than 100,000 bottles.[76] He also held an extensive collection of antique maps of Oklahoma and had collected a number of vintage motor boats.[9][20]

Death

McClendon died in a single-occupant, single-vehicle crash on March 2, 2016, the day after his indictment by a federal grand jury accusing him of violating antitrust laws from 2007 to 2012 while the CEO of Chesapeake Energy. Oklahoma City Police spokesman Paco Balderrama said "He pretty much drove straight into the wall. The information out there at the scene is that he went left of center, went through a grassy area right before colliding into the embankment. There was plenty of opportunity for him to correct and get back on the roadway and that didn't occur."[43]

According to police reports he died instantly when his 2013 Chevrolet Tahoe SUV traveled over the speed limit and crashed into a concrete viaduct under a bridge on Midwest Boulevard in Oklahoma City, shortly after 9 a.m. Later that day, local police indicated that it was too early to determine if the collision was intentional[43] or if McClendon may have suffered a medical event. He was not wearing a seat belt at the time of the crash.[6] Two weeks later, Oklahoma City investigators announced that the collision occurred at 78 miles per hour (126 km/h) with no evidence of a health emergency, although several additional weeks would be required for toxicology tests and an official cause of death.[77]

A spokesman for the U.S. Attorney in Oklahoma City disputed initial reports that McClendon was en route to the courthouse when the crash occurred. The spokesman said that no arraignments or meetings were scheduled with McClendon for that day.[78]

References

  1. ↑ Profile, reuters.com; accessed March 2, 2016.
  2. 1 2 "The Big Fracking Bubble: The Scam Behind Aubrey McClendon's Gas Boom". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
  3. ↑ John Shiffman (March 12, 2016). "Special Report: The final days and deals of Aubrey McClendon". Reuters. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  4. ↑ David McLaughlin, "Chesapeake Co-Founder McClendon Indicted Over Lease Bid Rigging", Bloomberg News (March 1, 2016).
  5. ↑ "Thunder part-owner McClendon dies in car crash". National Basketball Association. Associated Press. March 2, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  6. 1 2 Pramuk, Jacob (March 2, 2016). "Ex-Chesapeake CEO McClendon dies in car wreck day after indictment". CNBC. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
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  8. 1 2 David E. Newton, PhD (2015). Fracking: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 John Shiffman (June 7, 2012). "Special Report: The lavish and leveraged life of Aubrey McClendon". Reuters. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gregory Zuckerman (2013). The Frackers: The Outrageous Inside Story of the New Billionaire Wildcatters. Penguin Books Limited.
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  18. ↑ Don Mecoy (April 23, 2005). "Top Gun Magazine lauds Chesapeake CEO for performance". NewsOK. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
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  29. ↑ "Chesapeake Shareholders in Historic Revolt". The Wall Street Journal. June 8, 2012.
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  34. ↑ Paul Monies (February 17, 2015). "Chesapeake and former CEO McClendon still intertwined through data sharing, separation agreements". NewsOK. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  35. 1 2 Christopher Helman (February 17, 2015). "Chesapeake Sues McClendon, Alleging Theft Of 'Trade Secrets'". Forbes. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  36. 1 2 Christopher Helman (May 27, 2015). "Aubrey McClendon: Fracking's Cowboy Rides Again". Forbes. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  37. 1 2 Brianna Bailey (April 17, 2013). "McClendon starts new energy company down the street from Chesapeake". NewsOK. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  38. ↑ Tom Knox (December 11, 2014). "Big chunk of American Energy's 600 workers followed McClendon from Chesapeake Energy". Columbus Business First. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  39. ↑ "Operations". American Energy Partners. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  40. ↑ Bryan Walsh (February 2, 2012). "Exclusive: How the Sierra Club Took Millions From the Natural Gas Industry — and Why They Stopped [UPDATE]". Time Magazine. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  41. ↑ "Energy: The Pros and Cons of Shale Gas Drilling". CBS News. November 12, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Aubrey McClendon, Ex-Head of Chesapeake Energy, Is Charged With Conspiracy", March 1, 2016. Krauss, Clifford. New York Times; accessed March 3, 2016.
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  46. ↑ Cohn, Scott (March 3, 2016). "Feds move to dismiss McClendon indictment". CNBC.
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  48. ↑ John Cook (July 11, 2008). "Seattle Sonics co-owner is lead Trulia backer". SeattlePI.com. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  49. ↑ Steve Lackmeyer (January 3, 2014). "Owners of Oklahoma City restaurant, gallery buy building from Chesapeake Energy". The Oklahoman. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  50. ↑ David Cathey (December 29, 2010). "A Toast to 2010: The Year in Food". NewsOK.com. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  51. ↑ Heather Hope (February 15, 2015). "New Development Planned For Nichols Hills Plaza". Oklahoma's Own News 9. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
  52. ↑ Steve Lackmeyer (August 7, 2007). "Route 66 fans 'POPS' a top at new store". NewsOK.com. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  53. ↑ Lawrence Delevigne (October 27, 2014). "Ex-Chesapeake boss McClendon backs poker-star hedgie". CNBC News. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  54. ↑ "ProCure Treatment Centers Inc. receives $35 million from Oklahoma's Aubrey McClendon". OKC.biz. May 15, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  55. ↑ Jaimy Lee (September 18, 2014). "As a proton therapy center closes, some see it as a sign". Modern Healthcare. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  56. 1 2 3 4 Bryan Gruley (December 21, 2010). "A Billionaire's Dune Duel". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  57. ↑ Brian McVicar (December 22, 2009). "Saugatuck Dunes sale completed; Land Conservancy of West Michigan now owns Aubrey McClendon land". Michigan Live. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
  58. ↑ John Agar (June 11, 2012). "Saugatuck Township settlement with Aubrey McClendon approved by federal judge". MLive.com. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
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  60. ↑ Associated Press (August 23, 2007). "NBA fines McClendon for comments on moving Sonics". ESPN NBA. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  61. 1 2 Christopher Helman (June 13, 2012). "The Sordid Deal That Created The Okla. City Thunder". Forbes. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
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  63. ↑ Percy Allen (August 23, 2007). "Sonics co-owner McClendon fined $250K". The Seattle Times. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
  64. ↑ "OKC ownership group expands". ESPN News. April 18, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  65. ↑ Helen Ford Wallace (August 10, 2009). "Oklahoma City Boathouse Foundation members have dinner at Chesapeake Boathouse". NewsOK.com. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  66. ↑ "Board of Directors". Boys and Girls Club of OKC. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  67. ↑ Miguel Bustillo (May 29, 2012). "Chesapeake's Hometown Woes". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  68. ↑ "State fair governing board names three as directors". The Oklahoman. January 21, 2002. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  69. ↑ "Old friends receive Wall of Fame honors". OKC Friday. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  70. 1 2 3 4 5 "Energy companies help fund local gropus". The Oklahoman. March 5, 2005. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  71. 1 2 "Tulsan to be inducted into Hall of Fame: A Muskogee native is also among eight people to be honored.". Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  72. ↑ Ed Godfrey (May 19, 2011). "Sporting Clay Shoot to benefit Boy Scouts on Saturday at Arcadia Farm". NewsOK.com. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  73. ↑ "Platts Global Energy Awards Finalists". Platts Global Energy. 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  74. ↑ "Chief Roughneck Award Winners". American Oil and Gas Historical Society. 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  75. ↑ "McClendon Receives 2013 HHAA Distinguished Alumni Award". Heritage Hall Alumni Association. August 12, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  76. ↑ Christopher Helman (October 5, 2011). "In His Own Words: Chesapeake's Aubrey McClendon Answers Our 25 Questions". Forbes. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  77. ↑ Brandes, Heide (March 14, 2016). "McClendon driving at 88 mph ahead of fatal crash: police". Reuters. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  78. ↑ Monies, Paul (March 3, 2016). "Justice Department files motion to dismiss McClendon indictment". The Oklahoman. Retrieved March 4, 2016.

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