Auditory feedback

Auditory feedback is an aid used by humans to control speech production and singing. It is assumed that auditory feedback, alongside other feedback mechanisms such as somatosensory feedback and visual feedback, helps to verify whether the current production of a passage of speech or singing is in accord with a person's acoustic-auditory intention. From the viewpoint of movement sciences and neurosciences the acoustic-auditory speech signal can be interpreted as the result of movements (skilled actions) of speech articulators (the lower jaw, lips, tongue, etc.), and thus auditory feedback can be interpreted as a feedback mechanism controlling skilled actions in the same way that visual feedback controls limb movements (e.g. reaching movements).

Speech

Auditory feedback is an important aid during speech acquisition by toddlers, who use it to control the learning of speech items. These are typically produced by a communication partner (e.g. caretaker) and heard by the toddler, who subsequently tries to imitate them.^[1][2] After speech acquisition (i.e. in the case of adults), it is assumed that auditory feedback is not used as intensively. This is also assumed to happen for other feedback mechanisms, such as somatosensory feedback in the case of speech.

However, the well-known delayed auditory feedback experiment indicated that auditory feedback becomes important during speech production even for adults, if the auditory perception pathway is altered.^[3] A further well-known effect, which underlines the importance of auditory feedback during a person's whole lifetime, is that the production of sounds such as sibilant fricatives (like /s/) begins to deteriorate in deafened adults.

Because auditory feedback needs more than 100 milliseconds before a correction occurs at the production level,^[4] it is a slow correction mechanism in comparison with the duration (or production time) of speech sounds (vowels or consonants). Thus auditory feedback is too slow to correct the production of a speech sound in real time. It has been shown, however, that auditory feedback is capable of changing speech-sound production over a series of trials (i.e. adaptation by relearning; see e.g. perturbation experiments done with the DIVA model: neurocomputational speech processing). Typically, around 10 minutes is sufficient for a nearly-full adaptation.

Singing

The importance of auditory feedback in the case of human singing is reviewed by Howell.^[5]

Bird songs

The role of auditory feedback in the learning and production of bird-song is reviewed by Brainard and Doupe.^[6]

Product

A new headphone called Forbrain is based on auditory feedback principles. By using a bone conductor and a series of dynamic filter enables to correct the perception of one's own voice and thus helps improving concentration, attention, speech, coordination and other sensory functions. It has been awarded by the BETT Show in 2015 in the category "ICT Special Educational Needs Solutions"

See also

• delayed auditory feedback
• speech production
• visual feedback
• neurocomputational speech processing (DIVA model)

Notes

1. Perkell et al. 1997.
2. Callan et al. 2000.
3. Lee 1950. See also Fairbanks 1955 and alterations by permanent shift of a formant, Perkell et al. 1997.
4. See e.g. Burnett et al. 1998
5. Howell 1985.
6. Brainard & Doupe 2000.

References

• Brainard, M. S .; Doupe, A. J. (October 2000). "Auditory feedback in learning and maintenance of vocal behaviour". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 1 (1): 31–40. doi:10.1038/35036205. PMID 11252766.
• Burnett, T. A.; Freedland, M. B.; Larson, C. R.; Hain; T. C. (June 1998). "Voice F0 responses to manipulations in pitch feedback". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103 (6): 3153–61. doi:10.1121/1.423073. PMID 9637026.
• Callan, D. E.; Kent, R. D.; Guenther, F. H.; Vorperian, H. K. (June 2000). "An auditory-feedback-based neural network model of speech production that is robust to developmental changes in the size and shape of the articulatory system". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 43 (3): 721–36. PMID 10877441.
• Fairbanks, G. (December 1955). "Selective vocal effects of delayed auditory feedback". Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 20 (4): 333–46. PMID 13272227.
• Howell, P. (1985). "Auditory Feedback of the Voice in Singing". In West, Robert; Howell, Peter; Cross, Ian. Musical Structure and Cognition. London: Orlando Academic Press. pp. 259–286. ISBN 978-0-12-357170-0.
• Lee, B. S. (1950). "Some effects of side-tone delay". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 22 (5): 639–640. doi:10.1121/1.1906665.
• Hussain, I.; Chen, L.; Mirza, H. T.; Majid, A.; Chen, G. C. (2012). "Hybrid auditory feedback". Hybrid Auditory Feedback: A New Method for Mobility Assistance of the Visually Impaired. pp. 255–256. doi:10.1145/2384916.2384980. ISBN 9781450313216.