Australian Age of Dinosaurs

Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum
Established 2003 (2003)
Location Lot 1 Dinosaur Drive Winton, Queensland
Coordinates 22°28′35″S 143°11′03″E / 22.476356°S 143.184299°E / -22.476356; 143.184299
Type Natural History Museum
Key holdings Australovenator wintonensis "Banjo"; Diamantinasaurus matildae "Matilda"; Wintonotitan wattsi "Clancy"
Collections Cretaceous Period
Visitors 23,000 (2013)
Director David Elliott (Executive Chairman/ Founder), Judy Elliott (Company Secretary/ Founder), Bruce Collins, Dr Scott Hocknull, Bill Wavish, Alisa Leacy, Ed Warren, Carol Trewick, Butch Lenton
Website www.australianageofdinosaurs.com

Australian Age of Dinosaurs Ltd (AAOD) is a not for profit organisation located in Winton, Queensland and founded by David and Judy Elliott in 2003. The organisation’s activities include operation of the Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum of Natural History (the Museum) which holds annual dinosaur digs in the Winton Formation [1] of western Queensland and oversees the year-round operation of Australia’s most productive dinosaur fossil preparation laboratory. Since 2005, the AAOD Museum has accumulated the largest collection of Australian dinosaur fossils in the world and holds the holotype specimens of Diamantinasaurus matildae[2] ("Matilda"), Australia’s most complete sauropod skeleton, and Australovenator wintonensis[2] ("Banjo"), Australia’s most complete theropod skeleton. The museum is open to the public daily from April to end September and open six days (closed Sundays) from October to end March. In 2013 it hosted 23,000 admissions and 142 group tours.

Location

The AAOD Museum is located on top of a large mesa named ‘The Jump-Up’ which is 24 km south-east of Winton, and 600 km south-west of Townsville. Visitors travelling from Longreach, drive northwest along the Landsborough highway for 164 km before turning left onto Dinosaur Drive. From the highway, it is a further 12 km along a gravel road. Caravans can be towed to the top of the Jump-Up, although the Museum has provided an unhitching area at the base of the mesa for visitors towing a caravan with a small 2WD vehicle.

History

In 1999 David Elliott, discovered the fossilised bone of what was, at the time, Australia’s largest dinosaur while mustering sheep on his property Belmont near Winton. This bone was later identified as part of a giant femur from a Cretaceous sauropod that roamed the Winton area 95 million years ago.[3] Following the discovery of more fossils during digs held in conjunction with the Queensland Museum, David and Judy Elliott called a public meeting in Winton on 17 August 2002 in view of establishing a dinosaur museum at Winton. On 25 October 2002, ‘Australian Age of Dinosaurs Incorporated’, commenced operations as a not-for-profit organisation aimed at ensuring future dinosaur digs and the preparation and conservation of dinosaur fossils from the Winton Formation [4] could continue. The organisation, with support from a strong member’s volunteer base, began the initial stages of developing a major tourism attraction in the form of a dinosaur museum so that the discoveries could be preserved for perpetuity and be available to the public. While mustering sheep in March 2005, David Elliott discovered a new dinosaur site on Belmont and a subsequent dig in September uncovered the remains of one of Australia’s most complete sauropod skeletons. A total of 17 pallets of fossil bones trapped in a fine siltstone rock were recovered and stored in the Belmont shed. The dinosaur was nicknamed "Wade", in posthumous honour of Australian Palaeontologist Dr Mary Wade who died during the dig. In late 2005, the discovery of a partial sauropod humerus on Elderslie Station, near Winton, led to a series of digs held by the AAOD Museum and the recovery of two dinosaur skeletons preserved together, one being a sauropod skeleton and the other a theropod. The sauropod was nicknamed "Matilda" and the theropod was nicknamed "Banjo" – both in honour of Andrew Barton "Banjo" Paterson and his classic poem "Waltzing Matilda". In mid-2006, David and Judy Elliott opened an "Australian Age of Dinosaurs" temporary fossil preparation facility in their shed at Belmont which was known locally as the "Prep Shed". It was here that fossil preparation was carried out by a small group of staff preparators and volunteers who were accommodated in the station’s Jackeroo and Shearers Quarters. Work commenced on Wade and expanded to include the bones of "Banjo" and "Matilda" as each dig produced further fossils. This work continued for almost three years and incorporated the help of over 100 volunteers. It was during this time that the ‘Free Wade’ project began, supported by an Australian Geographic fundraiser and private donations from numerous volunteers, members and supporters. In September 2006, Peter and Carol Britton, owners of Mt Landsborough Station near Winton donated 1,400 hectares of mesa or "Jump-Up" country to AAOD as a site for the future Museum. Over the following three years funding was raised from Desert Channels Queensland to enable the new site to be fenced. The Winton Shire Council built a new gravel road to the top of the Jump-Up and the Queensland Government contributed $500,000 toward a fossil preparation facility, staff cottages and water and power amenities. The Prep Shed at Belmont was closed and all fossils and equipment relocated to the Jump-Up in early 2009. The new facilities were opened to the public in July 2009 by the Queensland Premier Anna Bligh as part of Queensland’s 150th year (Q 150) celebrations. AAOD Inc was restructured in June 2008 to become a not-for-profit Company Limited by Guarantee with a board of up to nine directors. The new company, Australian Age of Dinosaurs Ltd (AAODL) created a Society of Members (Australian Age of Dinosaurs Society) to carry on the support based work of AAOD Inc with levels of membership including ordinary members and life members, known as "Million Year Members".

Buildings

Construction of the AAOD Museum is divided into three stages with each stage occupying a different area of the Jump-Up. Construction of Stage 1, which includes a temporary fossil preparation building, two staff cottages and volunteer accommodation facilities, is now complete as is Stage 2 which consists of the Reception Centre for the AAOD Museum and a public car park. Stage 3, which is the future site of the AAOD Museum of Natural History, has completed its concept planning phase and initial construction of outdoor galleries has commenced. The AAOD Museum of Natural History has not yet been funded for construction.

Fossil Preparation Laboratory

The Laboratory is located approximately 500m from the Reception Centre and performs all the preparation, preservation and restoration work necessary to enable the dinosaur fossils to be scientifically studied and put on exhibition. This building is divided into unprepared fossil storage, prepared fossil storage and a large preparation area where staff and volunteers work on removing rock from the bones and consolidating them. A staff room, office, visitor waiting room and equipment storage area are also housed within this facility. As the dinosaur fossils are usually preserved in solid-rock boulders or covered in thick bands of ironstone matrix, it is often a long and time-consuming task to chisel the rock away. Work undertaken at the Australian Age of Dinosaurs Laboratory includes mechanical preparation of the bones with pneumatic scribes which remove rock from the bones. Other activities include restoration, repairs, consolidation of specimens, sieving, sorting of matrix for microfossils and ‘jig-saw puzzling’ bone fragments together. The laboratory encourages people to help with this preparation by becoming an Honorary Technician which entails a 10-day fossil preparation course at the Museum known as ‘Prep-A-Dino’.

Reception Centre

The Reception Centre was built on $1 million funding provided by the Australian Government with $50,000 funding from the Queensland Government and pro-bono support from the Winton Shire Council and several corporations. The building was designed by Cox Rayner Architects as a pro-bono contribution to the AAOD Project and built by Woollam Constructions in 2011. It was opened by the Federal Minister for Regional Australia the Honourable Simon Crean on 8 April 2012. Designed to blend into the surrounding Jump-Up rock, the building takes on the earthy hues and textures of the surrounding landscape. The concrete walls of the building were coloured and stamped with latex mats that were moulded from the rock surface of the Jump-Up rock by the Elliott Family. A large contingent of volunteers contributed to the final aesthetic finishes of the building including corten steel panels and landscaping. The Reception Centre contains a shop, café and staff facilities as well as a fossil holotype room known as the Collection Room. The building has won several awards for architecture including the J. W. Wilson Award for ‘Building of the Year’ in central Queensland; the Queensland ‘State Award for Public Architecture’; the ‘Walls’ category of the Queensland ‘Public Domain Awards 2013’ and the Kevin Cavanagh Medal – the Concrete Institute of Australia’s highest national award for ‘Excellence in Concrete’. It was also shortlisted in the ‘Culture’ category of the World Architecture Festival Awards in 2012 and again in 2013 under the ‘Display’ category.[5] A life sized, 5m long bronze statue of Australovenator ("Banjo") stands at the entrance to the Reception Centre. Digitally sculpted by AAOD palaeo-artist Travis R Tischler, the statue was cast by Deep in the Heart Foundry, Texas USA. It was funded by the John Villiers Trust and erected in front of the Reception Centre in April 2012.

Collections Room

The Collections Room inside the Reception Centre is a climate controlled room that houses the Museum’s holotype and paratype fossil specimens. The specimens are displayed in a semi-circle around a public stage where visitors can view the fossils as part of daily guided tours run by the Museum. The holotype fossil bones of Australia’s most complete sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae ("Matilda") and most complete theropod dinosaur Australovenator wintonensis ("Banjo") are on display as well as fossils from the Elliot digs that were collected in 2004/2005 in conjunction with the Queensland Museum. The Collection Room is fitted with audio visual equipment which complements the guided tours by showing animation footage of western Queensland’s dinosaurs. This footage consists of excerpts from the documentary Monsters in the Outback which was produced for the Museum by Bearcage Studios in 2013 through funding provided to AAOD by BHP Billiton.

The Jump-Up

The Jump-Up is a large mesa plateau that is approximately 270m above sea level and stands 75m above the surrounding land and forms part of a mesa formation called the Vindex Range. Like much of the Winton Shire, the Jump-Up is part of the Winton Formation, which is dated around 95-98 million years old.[1] The cap-rock surface of the Jump-Up is solid rock of varying thickness up to 12 metres that has resisted erosion throughout a period of deep weathering that eroded the surrounding countryside away. The top of the Jump-Up represents the land surface prior to this weathering phase which is estimated by geologists to have commenced between 25mya and 30mya.[6] The Jump-Up is home to a diverse fauna including numerous lizard species, echidna and over 100 species of birds. It is also home to a unique floral biodiversity that includes rain forest fig species that have survived in the moist, sheltered gorges – remnant species of a time when inland Australia had a much wetter climate.

Dating

The vast majority of the dinosaur fossils discovered by the AAOD Museum are from the earliest Late Cretaceous period and are approximately 98-95 million years old. This has been determined using radiometric dating of zircons - tiny grains which fall between 60 and 200 microns that form part of the sandstones which make up the Winton Formation. Measuring radiogenic isotopes within individual zircon grains taken from the "Matilda site" confirmed an Early Cenomanian age meaning that the sites in that area are at least as young as 95 million years.[2]

Winton Formation

The Winton Formation is a paralic to terrestrial/freshwater deposit [7] that is remnant of a vast network of river floodplains that drained northward into the Eromanga Sea in the late Albian to Cenomanian stages of the Cretaceous period. The deposit is up to 1.2 km thick in south west Queensland and becomes thinner as it extends north toward Winton due to both erosion and original distribution. The Winton Formation thins out just north of Winton due to regional dip and the semicircular outcrop pattern of the Eromanga Basin. Winton Formation overlies the older marine deposits of the Mackunda Formation. The Mackunda Formation[7] represents the final phase of the inland sea that receded from the Winton area approximately 100-98 million years ago. The bones of "Elliot" and "Wade" were discovered 80 km north-east of Winton and were deposited very close to the shores of the retreating inland sea. The Winton Formation has produced the remains of more large dinosaurs than the rest of Australia combined making it the country’s most extensive and prolific dinosaur deposit.

Geology – The Great Australian Basin

The Great Australian Basin occupies nearly one-fifth of the Australian continent and includes three constituent basins in central and northern Queensland; the Carpentaria Basin in the north, the Eromanga Basin in the centre and south and the Surat Basin in the far southeast. Over a period of 30 million years, the Great Australian Basin has been flooded by five phases of inland seas. Those that left a surface fossil record are the early Aptian Sea (125 – 120 million years ago); the late Aptian Sea (116-112 million years ago); the early middle Albian Sea (108-105 million years ago) and the late Albian Sea (104-100 million years ago).[8] The Winton Formation is situated in the Eromanga Basin and is the youngest (uppermost) deposit laid down during formation of that Basin. This terrestrial deposit ended 30 million years of marine domination and heralded a new phase of deposition that would see the Basin become a place of lush open forests and flood plains dominated by conifers,[9][10] intricate river systems and a significant dinosaur fauna. Over the 98 million years following its final development phase, the Eromanga Basin has undergone periods of deep weathering, erosion and uplift which have exposed the basin as it is found today.[11] It is this process that has exposed the fossil-rich marine rocks to the north of Winton that were deposited in the latter stages of the Basin’s formation between 125 and 100 million years ago and continues to produce the fossils of Australia’s Cretaceous dinosaurs throughout the Winton Formation.

Published dinosaurs

Diamantinasaurus matildae

Diamantinasaurus matildae [12] was a genus of lithostrotian titanosaur, found in the lower Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Winton Formation of central Queensland.
Etymology: "(Waltzing) Matilda’s Diamantina (River) Lizard".
Geology: Winton Formation, central western Queensland.
Age: Earliest Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) 98–95 million years ago.

Discovery

The partial humerus of a sauropod dinosaur was discovered in June 2005 on Elderslie Sheep Station, northwest of Winton. A team from the Australian Age of Dinosaurs Natural History Museum excavated the site, now designated AODL 85 or the "Matilda site", in 2006, and discovered several more bones, including the remainder of the humerus. The remains of a theropod dinosaur were discovered intermingled with the bones of the sauropod. Between 2006 and 2009, annual digs recovered further remains of the two dinosaurs which were officially published in 2009.[2] The sauropod remains, collectively designated AODF 603, were made the holotype of Diamantinasaurus matildae, named for the Diamantina River (located several kilometres west of the site) and the famous song "Waltzing Matilda", written by Australian poet Andrew Barton "Banjo" Paterson on a property near Winton in 1895. The theropod remains, designated AODF 604, were made the holotype of Australovenator wintonensis.[12] Excavation of the site continued in 2010, when more remains of the same skeletons were discovered. Preparation of fossiliferous concretions from the "Matilda site" continues at the Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum to this day.

Skeletal remains

The holotype specimen of Diamantinasaurus matildae (AODF 603; nicknamed "Matilda") was originally reported to comprise several cervical and dorsal ribs, the right scapula, the right sternal plate, the left and right humeri, the right ulna, left metcarpal I, right metacarpals II-V, a manual ungual, three manual phalanges, the left ilium, both pubes, both ischia, the right femur, the right tibia, the right fibula and the right astragalus.[2] Subsequent excavations and continued preparation of previously excavated concretions has yielded yet more remains, including two dorsal vertebrae, a partial sacrum, the right radius, and an additional manual phalanx.[13] The element previously identified as the right sternal plate was found to actually comprise part of the right coracoid.[13] The remains were recovered from the mid-Cretaceous Winton Formation. The site was originally interpreted to date to the upper Albian,[7] but subsequent zircon dating of the site has demonstrated that it is in fact Cenomanian in age,[3] since the site lies to the west of the Cork Fault.[14]

Anatomy and habits

Like all sauropods, Diamantinasaurus must have been a herbivore. The preserved ribs demonstrate that the body was barrel-shaped to accommodate enlarged guts for processing plant matter, and the columnar limb bones were clearly not adapted for speed; rather, they were adapted for supporting the animal's body mass on land. The fore and hind limb bones are massively built, and scars on their surfaces show where huge leg muscles would have attached.[13] The forelimb of Diamantinasaurus was shorter than the hind limb,[2] and the metacarpals were more than 60% the length of the radius.[13] The structure of the front foot of Diamantinasaurus was typical of sauropods, with the metacarpals held upright, bound tightly together at the wrist, but splayed out at the base, allowing the weight of the body to be dispersed. The thumb claw (an unusual feature for a titanosaur) may also have been used in defence against marauding predators like Australovenator. Among titanosaurs, Diamantinasaurus was relatively small: 15–18 metres long and 2.5 metres tall at the hip. Diamantinasaurus was originally identified as a lithostrotian titanosaur based on analyses run from two independent datasets,[15][16] closely related to Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii. In a subsequent analysis, Diamantinasaurus was found to occupy a more basal position outside Titanosauria, and in one analysis in a less-derived position than its Winton Formation contemporary Wintonotitan wattsi. However, the description of new remains of Diamantinasaurus, coupled with a revision of its anatomy, restored Diamantinasaurus to a position as a lithostrotian titanosaur,[13] based on two separate phylogenetic datasets.[17][18]

Wintonotitan wattsi

Wintonotitan wattsi[12] was a genus of somphospondylan sauropod, found in the lower Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Winton Formation of central Queensland, north eastern Australia.
Etymology: (Keith) Watts’ Winton Giant (Win-ton-oh-tie-tan what-sigh).
Geology: Winton Formation, central western Queensland.
Age: Earliest Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) 98–95 million years ago.

Discovery

In 1974, Keith Watts, owner of Elderslie Sheep Station (located northwest of Winton in Queensland, Australia), notified the Queensland Museum of a dinosaur discovery on his property. Dr Mary Wade and Andrew Elliot (both Queensland Museum staff) collected several bones from the site, which were designated the fossil numbers QM F7292. The bones were first described in 1981[19] and tentatively referred to Austrosaurus sp., the only Cretaceous sauropod known from Australia at the time, despite the absence of anatomical overlap between QM F7292 and the Austrosaurus holotype. In 2004, the current owners of Elderslie Sheep Station rediscovered the site, which was excavated by a combined Queensland Museum/Australian Age of Dinosaurs team in June 2006. More remains were discovered, and it was determined that the bones belonged to a new species of sauropod. In 2009, QM F7292 (now nicknamed "Clancy") was made the holotype of Wintonotitan wattsi.[12] The generic name refers to the Winton Shire, whereas the specific name honours Keith Watts. The nickname "Clancy" refers to the Andrew Barton "Banjo" Paterson poem "Clancy of the Overflow".

Skeletal remains

The holotype specimen of Wintonotitan wattsi, QM F7292, comprises several fragmentary dorsal vertebrae, two conjoined sacral vertebrae, at least twenty-five caudal vertebrae, five chevrons, the left scapula, both humeri, both ulnae, both radii, left metacarpals I–V, the left ilium, and the left ischium. Several bones were misidentified in the original description: the left and right ulna were switched; metacarpal IV was described as metacarpal V, and vice versa; the manus was interpreted as the right, when it is in fact the left; and the ilium was misinterpreted. The remains of Wintonotitan were recovered from the mid-Cretaceous Winton Formation, which has also yielded the remains of Diamantinasaurus matildae and Australovenator wintonensis. The Wintonotitan type site (QM L313, the "Triangle Paddock site") was originally interpreted to date to the upper Albian.[2] However, subsequent zircon dating of the Diamantinasaurus and Australovenator type site (AODL 85), located approximately 3 km from QM L313, has demonstrated that it is in fact much more likely to be Cenomanian in age,[3] since both sites lie west of the Cork Fault.[14]

Anatomy and habits

Several anatomical features of the limb, pectoral and pelvic girdle bones of Wintonotitan show that it was distinct from Diamantinasaurus. The forelimbs of Wintonotitan are less robustly constructed than those of Diamantinasaurus, despite the slightly larger size of Wintonotitan (16–20 metres long, 3 metres tall at the hips).[2] The proportions of the forelimbs are also different, with the metacarpals of Wintonotitan 53% the length of the radius, compared with 61% in Diamantinasaurus. The other forelimb elements show several differences between the two taxa, and the ischium of Wintonotitan has a pronounced ridge for muscle attachment which is reduced in Diamantinasaurus[20] Like all sauropods, Wintonotitan would have been entirely herbivorous. Its coexistence with Diamantinasaurus in the mid-Cretaceous of north-eastern Australia suggests that these sauropods would have had different dietary preferences to prevent interspecific competition. However, the absence of the hind limb of Wintonotitan, and the absence of cranial or cervical remains of either taxon, precludes assessment of their specific dietary habits or relative body shapes.[20]

Relationships

The remains of Wintonotitan were first included in a phylogenetic analysis in 2004, as part of Austrosaurus.[21] In this analysis, it was resolved as a basal titanosaur. When QM F7292 was made the holotype of Wintonotitan wattsi, it was included in two phylogenetic analyses[16][22] and in both was recovered in a position within Somphospondyli but outside Titanosauria.[12] In many recent analyses (with some notable exceptions), this interpretation has been upheld; most recently, it was included in two analyses [18][23] and recovered in both as a non-titanosaurian somphospondylan.[13] Therefore, Wintonotitan represents a more primitive sauropod than its contemporary Diamantinasaurus, which is a lithostrotian titanosaur.

Australovenator wintonensis

Australovenator wintonensis [12] is Australia's most complete theropod dinosaur. The skeleton consists of two nearly complete forelimbs[24] and hind limbs,[25] along with isolated ribs, gastralia and both dentaries. Australovenator stood about 1.6 metres at the hip and was approximately 5 metres in length. The fossils were discovered amongst the remains of a sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae.[12] Why the two specimens were preserved together is still unknown.
Etymology: "Winton's southern hunter".
Geology: Winton Formation, central western Queensland.
Age: Earliest Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) 98–95 million years ago.

Discovery

Australovenator was discovered in 2005 and published in 2009.[12]

Relationships

Australovenator was originally recognised as a Tetanuran theropod as it possessed traits from both Allosauroidea and Carcharodontosauria[26] and later was placed within a clade named Neovenatoridae, which included Aerosteon riocoloradensis,[27] Megaraptor namunhuaiquii,[28] Orkoraptor burkei,[29] Fukuiraptor kitadaniensis,[30] Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis[31] and Neovenator salerii.[32][33] A review of the evolution of Gondwanan carnivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous was undertaken by Novas et al.[34] A new family Megaraptoridae was established to represent the Gondwanan megaraptorans, Australovenator, Megaraptor, Orkoraptor and Aerosteon with Fukuiraptor recovered as the immediate sister taxon of this clade. Additionally these theropods were identified as being deeply nested within Coelurosaurian lineages rather than Allosauroidea and was suggested to share close affinities with the Asiamerican Tyrannosauridae.[34]

"Banjo" and "Matilda" death scene theories

Although it was originally hypothesised that "Banjo" and "Matilda" were drowned in a flood event and washed up beside each other, recent observations reveal that this was very unlikely due to the fact that both skeletons were preserved in sediments deposited by still water.[35] Animals that become victims of a flood today are very rarely found in low lying areas within the flood zone due to the action of flood waters that force large, floating masses out of the fast-flowing watercourse area into the shallow, slow moving current along its outer reaches. Once out of the fast-flowing flood zone, the carcass becomes grounded in shallow water and, as the flood recedes, is left high and dry where it breaks down and weathers away. The most likely explanation is that "Matilda" became trapped in the deep, sticky clay/mud sediments of a drying waterhole similar to sheep and cattle becoming bogged in identical sediments today. It is possible that "Banjo" was killed by "Matilda" while attempting to prey on the bogged sauropod or by other theropods fighting over the carcass. Although it is possible that "Banjo" could have also become bogged in the muddy sediments, the metabolic energy of a carnivorous animal makes this scenario unlikely. The discovery of numerous sauropod dinosaur carcasses in the Winton Formation that are preserved in identical fine clay deposits to "Matilda’s" final resting place tend to support the theory that these giants became trapped in drying waterholes, either as a result of dry seasons or frailty associated with old age. It is unlikely that the exact cause of "Banjo’s" death will ever be known.

Australian Age of Dinosaurs Journals

Since 2003, Australian Age of Dinosaurs has published an annual journal on Australian natural history. The journal is compiled and edited by David and Judy Elliott and incorporates the scientific research and life’s work of Australia’s leading palaeontologists. The journal gives an up-to-date account of the Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum’s annual progress along with an overview of scientific discussions, scientific research processes and an annual profile of palaeontologists who have devoted a large part of their lives to better understanding our knowledge of the Australian continent. The Journal is distributed each year to subscribing members who receive a variety of discounts/ special offers and a quarterly newsletter. The museum also offers Million Year Membership which includes life membership along with invitations to special events, lifelong free entry to the museum and the option of becoming a member of AAOD Ltd. In its eleventh year the AAOD journal continues to be an unmatched repository of Australian dinosaur information and palaeo news in Australia.

Public involvement

Prep-A-Dino Experience

The Australian Age of Dinosaurs has an active preparation program for public involvement through its Prep-A-Dino program. The process of preparing a dinosaur bone is a time consuming job which involves carefully chipping away layers of stone to reveal the embedded dinosaur bone inside. The museum offers a fully inducted training session and tour of the museum before participants embark on prepping a dinosaur bone. The museum offers onsite accommodation at Maloney Lodge as part of its Prep-A-Dino package. The lodge consists of five furnished rooms, a communal kitchen and a fully equipped bathroom/ laundry. Maloney Lodge was completed in 2010 and offers laboratory participants the chance to work and live at a real dinosaur museum. Prep-A-Dino participants can qualify as an Honorary Technician after completing 10 days of preparation and training with the Australian Age of Dinosaurs. Although the initial 10 day training period attracts a daily charge, once participants become qualified Honorary Technicians their only further cost is an annual one day refresher course.

Dig-A-Dinosaur Experience

Since 2004, the museum has hosted dinosaur digs that can be attended by members of the public. Digs are usually held in late May and early June and attract a participation charge which helps cover the cost of holding the dig and preparation of fossils recovered. The digs take place in the Mitchell grass downs country of the Winton district, and have produced numerous dinosaur fossils – many of which have become holotype specimens. On the Elliott’s property alone there have been 15 confirmed sites identified across the 18,000 hectare Station.

Researchers

The AAOD collection has attracted considerable interest from palaeontologists, both in Australia and abroad. Palaeontologists closely involved with the Museum collection include, in alphabetical order:

Dr Alex Cook

As former Curator of Invertebrate Palaeontology and Senior Curator of Geosciences at the Queensland Museum, Dr Cook is a widely published researcher who is recognised for his work on invertebrate faunas of the Great Artesian Basin and the Palaeozoic of north Queensland[36] Dr Cook has been Honorary Curator of the AAOD Museum Collection since 2004 and continues a strong association with the Museum through the acquisition and curation of fossils representing Australia’s major evolutionary sequences in preparation for public exhibition.

Dr Scott Hocknull

Dr Hocknull is Senior Curator of Vertebrate Palaeontology at the Queensland Museum. He was first author on a paper published by PLoS One in 2009 that named three new Australian dinosaur species from the Winton Formation including Diamantinasaurus matildae, Australovenator wintonensis and Wintonotitan wattsi.[12] Dr Hocknull is currently researching 'Wade', a new species of Australian sauropod in the AAOD Museum collection, with Dr Stephen Poropat and spearheading ground-breaking research into Dinosaur Stampede National Monument at Lark Quarry near Winton.

Dr Benjamin Kear

Dr Benjamin Kear is an Assistant Professor and Docent in Historical Geology & Palaeontology at Uppsala University in Sweden. He is carrying out an initial descriptive survey of marine fossils in the AAOD Collection recovered from the uppermost Mackunda Formation near Winton. These specimens which include marine reptiles, turtles and fish were recovered in close proximity to Winton Formation dinosaur bones on Belmont Station. Dr Kear’s research will ascertain what taxa are present in the assemblage and enable him to compile a taxonomic list for a quantitative survey of marine vertebrate biodiversity across the Aptian-Cenomanian within the Eromanga Basin.[13]

Ada Klinkhamer

Ms Klinkhamer is undertaking a PhD on 3D virtual reconstruction and computer based shape and biomechanical analysis of Australian sauropods. Her research is centred on investigating Australian sauropod functional limb morphology with a specific focus on material from the Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum.

Dr Stephen McLoughlin

Dr McLoughlin is a palaeobotanist with the Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History who has carried out research on the fossil floras of the Winton Formation since the mid-1990s. In recent years he has studied bennettitalean, conifer and horsetail fossils from Belmont Station held in the AAOD Museum collection. The significance of the Winton Formation fossil flora is that it represents the youngest major assemblage of plant fossils from the Cretaceous of Australia. Stratigraphically, the next major plant assemblage on the continent is from the late Paleocene – some 35 million years later. The Winton Formation plant assemblage marks the transition from gymnosperm to angiosperm dominance in the Australian floras. The Winton Formation flora is now known to contain over 50 macrofossil plant taxa. Significantly, this assemblage contains the youngest Australian fossils of equisetaleans, pentoxylaleans, and possibly bennettitaleans – all groups that appear to have succumbed to competition from the rapidly diversifying angiosperms of this time. One of the youngest records of Ginkgo leaves from Australia also comes from the Winton Formation. Araucarian, cupressacean and podocarp conifers are all well represented in the fossil flora. The flowering plants represented in this flora have mostly toothed or lobed leaf types and are of possible fagaceous or betulaceous affinities but their precise relationships remain unclear. The oldest Australian monocot angiosperms are also known from this formation. The composition of the flora and morphological characters of the leaves and woods attest to growth in a cool seasonal climate without extremes of precipitation.[37]

Dr Stephen Poropat

Dr Poropat is based in Brisbane, but from October 2011–January 2015 was a postdoctoral research fellow at Uppsala University in Sweden. He has recently revised Diamantinasaurus matildae (published in Gondwana Research) and Wintonotitan wattsi (published in Papers in Palaeontology) and is currently working on 'Wade', one of Australia's most complete sauropod specimens. Dr Poropat is also working on a small sauropod from near Richmond, other Cretaceous Queensland sauropod material curated at AAOD and Queensland Museum (including a revision of the holotype of Austrosaurus mckillopi), and the first sauropod skull ever recovered from Australia, the braincase of which is currently on display at the AAOD Museum. He has been working extensively with Dr Paul Upchurch (University College London) and Dr Philip Mannion (Imperial College London) on a revision of Australia’s Cretaceous sauropod fauna.

Travis Tischler

Travis Tischler is one of Australia’s most talented palaeo-artists and has been working closely with the AAOD Museum since 2006. He has been in charge of AAOD’s digital dinosaur reconstruction program since 2009 and has developed highly detailed and anatomically accurate flesh restorations through the use of digital modelling. Through a combination of CAT scans, MRI scans and photogrammetry modelling, Travis has been able to digitally recreate and restore dinosaur fossils into full skeletons. By studying their range of motion, muscle attachment scars and structural capacities, he has created “reverse dissection” models of dinosaur musculature, providing an accurate body form on which detailed, functional skin interpretations can be reconstructed.

Dr Paul Upchurch and Dr Philip Mannion

Dr Upchurch is a Reader in Palaeobiology at University College London and Dr Mannion is a Junior Research Fellow at Imperial College London. Both Dr Upchurch and Dr Mannion have visited the AAOD Collection and have formed a collaborative affiliation with Dr Stephen Poropat and Dr Scott Hocknull. The aim of this project is a thorough revision of the Australian Cretaceous sauropod fauna, with a view to establishing the relationships of Australia's sauropods to those throughout the world.[13]

Matt White

Mr White is undertaking a PhD on the reconstruction and biomechanics of Australovenator wintonensis. He has authored several papers on new skeletal elements of Australovenator which have been uncovered following the holotype description. His research includes working on skeletal range of motion to rebuild the muscles and tendons of Australovenator's forearms and hind limbs. Mr White has been working with radiographer Sarah Wooldridge and staff at Queensland Xray in Mackay to CT scan all of the Australovenator material along with other type material from the AAOD Museum collection. These scans have been converted to three dimensional images which have been used in publications and dinosaur reconstruction.[24]

Future plans

The AAOD Museum’s third and final stage consists of a purpose built, multimillion-dollar natural history museum that will portray the evolution of the Australian continent over the past 4.5 billion years and Australia’s unique dinosaur heritage. The new museum building which will include education facilities is planned for 2020 and initial work including concept planning and design has been completed. The AAOD Museum of Natural History will be located 2 km from the Museum’s Reception Centre, and positioned overlooking the plains below the Jump-Up. The buildings’ concept statistics allow for a floor space of 6,000 square meters of which 1,800 square metres will be exhibition floor space. The remainder of the building’s planned space will be divided between public space, gift shop and café facilities, back–of-house management, collection room, laboratory, school classrooms and audio visual facilities. Other exhibitions currently being planned for the AAOD Museum include a suite of outdoor galleries that will be positioned throughout the gorge of the Jump-Up. These galleries will exhibit life-size bronze sculptures of Australia’s dinosaurs and their environment and initial construction on the first of these is currently underway.[38]

References

  1. 1 2 Cook, A.G., Bryan, S.E. & Draper, J.J. (2012).Post-orogenic Mesozoic basins and magmatism. Pp 515-575. In Jell, P.A. (ed.). Geology of Queensland. (Geological Survey of Queensland, Brisbane)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hocknull, S.A., White, M.A., Tischler, T.R., Cook, A.G., Calleja, N.D., Sloan, T., Elliott, D.A., (2009) New mid-Cretaceous (latest Albian) dinosaurs from Winton, Queensland, Australia. PLoS ONE 4, e6190.
  3. 1 2 3 Bryan, S.E., Cook, A.G., Allen, C.M., Siegel, C., Purdy, D.J., Greentree, J.S., Uysal, I.T., (2012) Early-mid Cretaceous tectonic evolution of eastern Gondwana: from silicic LIP magmatism to continental rupture. Episodes 35, 142–152.
  4. ↑ Cook, A.G., Bryan, S.E. & Draper, J.J. (2012). Post-orogenic Mesozoic basins and magmatism. Pp 515-575. In Jell, P.A. (ed.). Geology of Queensland. (Geological Survey of Queensland, Brisbane)
  5. ↑ Australian Age of Dinosaurs, Journal Issue 10
  6. ↑ Cook, A.G. & Jell, J.S. (2012).Paleogene and Neogene. Pp 577-652. In Jell, P.A. (ed.). Geology of Queensland. (Geological Survey of Queensland, Brisbane)
  7. 1 2 3 Cook, A.G., Bryan, S.E. & Draper, J.J. (2012). Post-orogenic Mesozoic basins and magmatism. Pp 515-575. In Jell, P.A. (ed.). Geology of Queensland. (Geological Survey of Queensland, Brisbane).
  8. ↑ Burger, D. (1986) Palynology, cyclic sedimentation and palaeoenvironments in the late Mesozoic of the Eromanga Basin. Special Publication of the Geological Society of Australia. 12: 53-70
  9. ↑ McLoughlin, S, Drinnan, A.N., & Rozefelds, A. C. (1995) A Cenomanian flora from the Winton Formation, Eromanga Basin, Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 38: 273-313
  10. ↑ McLoughlin, S., Pott, C., & Elliott, D. (2010) The Winton Formation flora (Albian-Cenomanian, Eromanga Basin): implications for vascular plant diversification and decline in the Australian Cretaceous. Alcheringa 35:1-21
  11. ↑ Cook, A.G. & Jell, J.S. (2012) Paleogene and Neogene. Pp 577-652. In Jell, P.A. (ed.). Geology of Queensland. (Geological Survey of Queensland, Brisbane).
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hocknull, S.A., White, M.A., Tischler, T.R., Cook, A.G., Calleja, N.D., Sloan, T., Elliott, D.A., (2009) New mid-Cretaceous (latest Albian) dinosaurs from Winton, Queensland, Australia. PLoS ONE 4, e6190
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Poropat, S.F., Upchurch, P., Mannion, P.D., Hocknull, S.A., Kear, B.P., Sloan, T., Sinapius, G.H.K., Elliott, D.A., 2015. Revision of the sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae Hocknull et al. 2009 from the middle Cretaceous of Australia: implications for Gondwanan titanosauriform dispersal. Gondwana Research 27: 995–1033. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2014.03.014
  14. 1 2 Senior, B.R., Mond, A. & Harrison, P.L. (1978). Geology of the Eromanga Basin. Bureau of Mineral Resources Bulletin 167: 1-102.
  15. ↑ Canudo, J.I., Royo-Torres, R., Cuenca-Bescós, G., (2008). A new sauropod: Tastavinsaurus sanzi gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) of Spain. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28, 712–731.
  16. 1 2 González Riga, B.J., Previtera, E., Pirrone, C.A., (2009). Malarguesaurus florenciae gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosauriform (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mendoza, Argentina. Cretaceous Research 30, 135–148.
  17. ↑ Mannion, P.D., Upchurch, P., Barnes, R.N., Mateus, O., (2013) Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168, 98–206.
  18. 1 2 Carballido, J.L., Sander, P.M., (2014) Postcranial axial skeleton of Europasaurus holgeri, (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Germany: implications for sauropod ontogeny and phylogenetic relationships of basal Macronaria. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12, 335–387.
  19. ↑ Coombs, W.P., Jr., Molnar, R.E., (1981). Sauropoda (Reptilia, Saurischia) from the Cretaceous of Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 20, 351–373.
  20. 1 2 Poropat, S.F., Mannion, P.D., Upchurch, P., Hocknull, S.A., Kear, B.P., Elliott, D.A., 2015. Reassessment of the non-titanosaurian somphospondylan Wintonotitan wattsi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda: Titanosauriformes) from the mid-Cretaceous Winton Formation, Queensland, Australia. Papers in Palaeontology 1: 59–106. doi:10.1002/spp2.1004
  21. ↑ Upchurch, P., Barrett, P.M., Dodson, P., 2004. Sauropoda, In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., Osmólska, H. (Eds.), The Dinosauria: Second Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 259–322.
  22. ↑ Canudo, J.I., Royo-Torres, R., Cuenca-Bescós, G., (2008). A new sauropod: Tastavinsaurus sanzi gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) of Spain. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28, 712–731.
  23. ↑ Mannion, P.D., Upchurch, P., Barnes, R.N., Mateus, O., 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168, 98–206.
  24. 1 2 White MA., Cook AG, Hocknull SA, Sinapius GHK, Sloan, T et al. (2012) New forearm elements discovered of holotype specimen Australovenator wintonensis from Winton, Queensland, Australia. PLoS ONE 7(6): e39364.doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0039364
  25. ↑ White MA, Benson RBJ, Tischler TR, Hocknull SA, Cook AG, et al., (2013) New hind limb elements discovered of an Australian theropod dinosaur Australovenator wintonensis. PLoS ONE 8(7): e68649. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068649
  26. ↑ Brusatte SL, Benson RBJ, Hutt S (2008) The osteology of Neovenator salerii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Wealden Group (Barremian) of the Isle of Wight. Palaeontographical Society Monograph 162: 1–75.
  27. ↑ Sereno PC, Martinez RN, Wilson JA, Varicchio DJ, Alcober OA, Larsson HCE (2008) Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina. PloS ONE 3 (9): 1-20.
  28. ↑ Novas FE (1998) Megaraptor namunhuaiquii, gen. et. sp. nov., A large-clawed Late Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18: 4-9.
  29. ↑ Novas FE, Ezcurra MD, Lecuona A (2008) Orkoraptor burkei nov. gen. et sp., a large theropod from the Maastrichtian Pari Aike Formation, Southern Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research 29: 468-480.
  30. ↑ Azuma Y, Currie PJ (2000) A new carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37: 1735-1753
  31. ↑ Hu S-Y (1964) Carnosaurian remains from Alashan, Inner Mongolia. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 8:42-63 [In Chinese, with English summary].
  32. ↑ Hutt S, Martill DM, Barker MJ (1996). The first European allosaurid dinosaur (Lower Cretaceous, Wealden Group, England). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläaontologie Monatshefte 1996: 635–644.
  33. ↑ Benson RB, Carrano MT, Brusatte SL (2010) A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic. Naturwissenschaften 97: 71-78.
  34. 1 2 Novas FE, Agnolin AL, Ezcurra MD, Porfiri J, Canale JI (2013) Evolution of carnivorous dinosaur during the Cretaceous: The evidence from Patagonia. Cretaceous Research 45: 174-215.
  35. ↑ Australian Age of Dinosaurs, Journal Issue 11.
  36. ↑ Cook, A.G., Bryan, S.E. & Draper, J.J. (2012).Post-orogenic Mesozoic basins and magmatism. Pp 515-575. In Jell, P.A. (ed.). Geology of Queensland. (Geological Survey of Queensland, Brisbane).
  37. ↑ McLoughlin, S, Drinnan, A.N., & Rozefelds, A. C. (1995) A Cenomanian flora from the Winton Formation, Eromanga Basin, Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 38: 273-313.
  38. ↑ Australian Age of Dinosaurs, Journal Issue 11
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