Avian Bornavirus

Avian bornavirus
Virus classification
Group:	Group V ((-)ssRNA)
Order:	Mononegavirales
Family:	Bornaviridae
Genus:	Bornavirus
Species:	Avian Bornavirus

In 2008, by pyrosequencing of cDNA from the brains of several parrots suffering from Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD), Honkavouri et al. identified the presence of a novel Borna virus.^[1]

Discovery

Using real time PCR, the investigators confirmed the presence of this virus in the brains and proventriculus of three cases of PDD but not in four unaffected birds. At approximately the same time, Kistler and her colleagues used a microarray approach to identify a Borna virus hybridization signature in three out of five PDD cases but not in eight control parrots.^[2]

Recovery and naming

Using high-throughput pyrosequencing in combination with conventional PCR cloning and sequencing, these investigators recovered the complete viral genome sequence and named this virus Avian Borna Virus (ABV). At least seven distinct ABV genotypes have now been identified and sequenced. In general these ABV genotypes show only about 65% sequence identity with mammalian Borna disease Virus (BDV).

Structure

The overall structure of the bornaviral genome is well conserved. Thus the number and order of genes is unchanged as is the structure of transcription initiation and termination sites. Rinder and her colleagues have shown that ABV apparently lacks a 22-nucleotide fragment that serves a regulatory function for the genes coding for viral proteins X and P.^[3]

Further research

Cultured ABV has been shown to induce typical PDD in Patagonian conures (Cyanoliseus patagonus) with a typical interval of 55–60 days between infection and death.^[4] Gancz and his colleagues showed that inoculation of ABV4-infected brain tissue will also induce typical disease in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) after 60–95 days.^[5] Ongoing studies suggest that the virus is spread by the fecal-oral route but it is also possible that respiratory and vertical spread also occur.

Another Point of views on ABV and PDD

Avian Bornaviruses (ABV), a group of related viruses, have recently been reported, yet not proven, as the cause of Proventricular Dilatation Disease, PDD, a disease of pet parrots. While a report of research using a 'positive' brain cell culture (confirmed to contain ABV) from a psittacine (parrot) that died with confirmed histopathological diagnosis of PDD (mononuclear infiltrative ganglioneuritis). In this study this 'positive' inoculant was used to infect another parrot. This resulted in the inoculated bird's death and the subsequent histopathological diagnosis of PDD. It is important to realize that this research does not fulfil the four criteria points known as Koch's Postulate to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease. Other research with an inoculant derived from birds with ABV only infections (with no PDD histopathological changes) did not develop any signs of PDD. These birds were carefully monitored over extended timeframes, well exceeding the documented 90 day inoculation period for PDD, yet failed to show any signs of PDD.

References

1. (Honkavouri KS, Shivaprasad HL, Williams BL, Quan P-L, Hornig M, Street C, Palacios G, Hutchison SK, Franca M, Egholm M, Briese T, and Lipkin WI. Novel bornavirus in psittacine birds with proventricular dilatation disease. (2008). Emerging Inf Dis. 14: 1883-1886.)
2. (Kistler AL, Gancz A, Clubb S, Skewes-Cox P, Fischer K, Sorber K, Chiu CY, Lublin A, Mechani S, Farnoushi Y, Greninger A, Wen, CC, Karlene SB, Ganem D and DeRisi JL (2008). Recovery of divergent avian bornaviruses from cases of proventricular dilatation disease Identification of a candidate etiologic agent. Virology Journal. 5:88.)
3. (Rinder, M., Ackermann, A., Kempf, H., Kaspers, B., Korbel, R. and Staeheli, P. (2009) Broad tissue and cell tropism of avian bornavirus in parrots with proventricular dilatation disease. J Virology, 83: 5401-5407.)
4. (Gray,P., Hoppes, S., Suchodolski, P., Mirhosseini, N., Payne, S., Villanueva, I., Shivaprasad, H.L., Honkavuori, K.S., Briese, T., Lipkin, W.I., Reddy, S.M., and Tizard, I. (2010) Use of Avian Bornavirus Isolates to Induce Proventricular Dilatation Disease in Conures. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16: 473-479.)
5. (Gancz, A.Y., Kistler, A.L., Greninger, A.L., Farnoushi, Y., Mechani, S., Perl, S., Berkowitz, A., Perez, N., Clubb, S., DeRisi, J.L., Ganem, D. and Lublin, A. (2009). Experimental induction of proventricular dilatation disease in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) inoculated with brain homogenates containing avian bornavirus 4. Virology journal 6, 100.)