Azes II

Azes II
Indo-Scythian king

Azes II in armour, riding a horse, on one of his silver tetradrachms, minted in Gandhara.
Reign Indo-Scythians: perhaps 35–12 BC
Predecessor Azilises
Successor Zeionises/Kharahostes

Azes II (reigned c. 35–12 BCE), may have been the last Scythian king in Gandhara, western Pakistan. However, due to new research by R. C. Senior, his actual existence is now seriously in doubt, and "his" coins, etc., are now thought to refer to those of Azes I.[1]

After the death of Azes II, the rule of the Indo-Scythians in northwestern India and Pakistan finally crumbled with the conquest of the Kushans, one of the five tribes of the Yuezhi who had lived in Bactria for more than a century, and who were then expanding into India to create a Kushan Empire. Soon after, the Parthians invaded from the west. Their leader Gondophares temporarily displaced the Kushans and founded the Parthian that was to last until the middle of the 1st century CE. The Kushans ultimately regained Mardan and Taxila c. 75 CE, where they were to prosper for several centuries.

The Bimaran casket

Azes II is also connected to the Bimaran casket, one of the earliest representations of the Buddha. The casket, probably Greek work, was used for the dedication of a stupa in Bamiran, near Jalalabad in Afghanistan, and placed inside the stupa with several coins of Azes II. This event may have happened during the reign of Azes (35–12 BCE), or slightly later. The Scythians who practiced Zoroastrianism later embraced Hellenism and Buddhism, and it is indeed possible they would have commended the work.

The Bimaran casket, representing the Buddha surrounded by Brahman (left) and Indra (right) was found inside a stupa with coins of Azes II inside. British Museum.

Coinage

Coins attributed to Azes II use Greek and Kharoshti inscriptions, depict a Greek goddess as his protector, and thereby essentially follow the numismatic model of the Greek kings of the Indo-Greek kingdom, suggesting a high willingness to accommodate Greek culture. A novel difference of the Indo-Scythians was to show the king on a horse, rather than his bust in profile as did the Greeks.

Other coins of Azes depict the Buddhist lion and the Brahmanic cow of Shiva, suggesting religious tolerance towards his subjects. In the coin depicted to the left Azes is depicted with the inscriptions:

Silver coin of King Azes II (r. c. 35–12 BCE)

Azes II was long believed to have issued several of the Indo-Scythian coins struck under the name Azes in northern India. All these coins were however likely issued by a single ruler named Azes, as suggested by Robert Senior, when he found an overstrike of a coin attributed to Azes I over a coin attributed to Azes II, suggesting that all the "Azes II" coins were not later than those of "Azes I" and that there was only one king in the dynasty named Azes.[2] This idea had long been advocated by Senior with a number of indirect numismatic arguments, for instance in his encyclopaedia of Scythian coins.[3]

Coin gallery

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Senior (2008), pp. 25-27.
  2. ↑ Senior, R. The final nail in the coffin of Azes II, and Azes: an unpublished an important tetradrachm S861T, Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society 197, 2008
  3. ↑ Senior, R. Indo-Scythian Coins and History, (4 volumes), CNGcoins, London,England and Lancaster, Pennsylvania

References

Preceded by:
Azilises		 Indo-Scythian Ruler
(35–12 BCE)		 Succeeded by:
In Kashmir:
Zeionises

In Mathura:
Kharahostes
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