Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell

"Baden-Powell" redirects here. For other meanings, see Baden Powell (disambiguation).
"Stephe" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Steph, Stephie, Stephy, or Stephen.
Lieutenant General The Right Honourable
The Lord Baden-Powell
OM GCMG GCVO KCB DL

Black and white photograph of a man in military uniform, with his medals pinned to the left side of his jacket. He is wearing a wide-brimmed hat and holding a walking stick in both hands.

Founder of Scouting
Nickname(s) B-P
Born 22 February 1857 (1857-02-22)
Paddington, London, England
Died 8 January 1941 (1941-01-09) (aged 83)
Nyeri, Kenya
Service/branch British Army
Years of service 1876–1910
Rank Lieutenant-General
Commands held
  • Chief of Staff, Second Matabele War (1896–1897)
  • 5th Dragoon Guards in India (1897)
  • Inspector General of Cavalry, England (1903)
Battles/wars
Awards
Other work Founder of the international Scouting Movement; writer; artist
Signature

Lieutenant General Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, OM GCMG GCVO KCB DL (/ˈbeɪdən ˈpoʊ.əl/ Baden as in maiden; Powell as in jowl) (22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941), also known as B-P or Lord Baden-Powell, was a lieutenant-general in the British Army, writer, founder of the Scout Movement and first Chief Scout of The Boy Scouts Association.

After having been educated at Charterhouse School in Surrey, Baden-Powell served in the British Army from 1876 until 1910 in India and Africa. In 1899, during the Second Boer War in South Africa, Baden-Powell successfully defended the town in the Siege of Mafeking. Several of his military books, written for military reconnaissance and scout training in his African years, were also read by boys. In 1907, he held a demonstration camp, the Brownsea Island Scout camp, which is now seen as the beginning of Scouting. Based on his earlier books, he wrote Scouting for Boys, published in 1908 by Sir Arthur Pearson, for boy readership. In 1910 Baden-Powell retired from the army and formed The Boy Scouts Association.

The first Scout Rally was held at The Crystal Palace in 1909, at which appeared a number of girls dressed in Scout uniform, who told B-P that they were the "Girl Scouts", following which, in 1910, B-P and his sister Agnes Baden-Powell formed the Girl Guides from which the Girl Guides Movement grew. In 1912 he married Olave St Clair Soames. He gave guidance to the Scouting and Girl Guiding Movements until retiring in 1937. Baden-Powell lived his last years in Nyeri, Kenya, where he died and was buried in 1941.[8][9]

Early life

Baden-Powell was born as Robert Stephenson Smyth Powell, familiarly called Stephe (pronounced "Stevie"), at 6 Stanhope Street (now 11 Stanhope Terrace), Paddington in London, on 22 February 1857.[10] He was named after his godfather, Robert Stephenson, the railway and civil engineer;[11] his third name was his mother's maiden name. His father, the Rev. Baden Powell, a Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford University, already had four teenage children from the second of his two previous marriages. On 10 March 1846, at St Luke's Church, Chelsea, the Rev. Powell married Henrietta Grace Smyth (3 September 1824 – 13 October 1914), eldest daughter of Admiral William Henry Smyth and 28 years his junior. Quickly they had Warington (early 1847), George (late 1847), Augustus (1849) and Francis (1850). After three further children who died when very young, they had Stephe, Agnes (1858) and Baden (1860). The three youngest children and the often ill Augustus were close friends. Reverend Powell died when Stephe was three, and as tribute to his father and to set her own children apart from their half-siblings and cousins, the mother changed the family name to Baden-Powell. Subsequently, Stephe was raised by his mother, a strong woman who was determined that her children would succeed. Baden-Powell would say of her in 1933 "The whole secret of my getting on, lay with my mother."[10][12][13]

After attending Rose Hill School, Tunbridge Wells, during which his favourite brother Augustus died, Stephe Baden-Powell was awarded a scholarship to Charterhouse, a prestigious public school. His first introduction to Scouting skills was through stalking and cooking game while avoiding teachers in the nearby woods, which were strictly out-of-bounds. He also played the piano and violin, was an ambidextrous artist, and enjoyed acting. Holidays were spent on yachting or canoeing expeditions with his brothers.[10]

Military career

In 1876, R.S.S. Baden-Powell, as he styled himself then, joined the 13th Hussars in India with the rank of lieutenant. He enhanced and honed his military scouting skills amidst the Zulu in the early 1880s in the Natal province of South Africa, where his regiment had been posted, and where he was Mentioned in Despatches. During one of his travels, he came across a large string of wooden beads. Although Baden-Powell claimed the beads had been those of the Zulu king Dinizulu, one researcher learned from Baden-Powell's diary only that he had taken beads from a dead woman's body around that time,[14] and indeed the bead form is more similar to dowry beads than to warrior beads. The beads were later incorporated into the Wood Badge training programme he started after he founded the Scouting Movement. Baden-Powell's skills impressed his superiors and he was brevetted Major as Military Secretary and senior Aide-de-camp of the Commander-in-Chief and Governor of Malta, his uncle General Sir Henry Augustus Smyth.[10] He was posted in Malta for three years, also working as intelligence officer for the Mediterranean for the Director of Military Intelligence.[10] He frequently travelled disguised as a butterfly collector, incorporating plans of military installations into his drawings of butterfly wings.[15] In 1884 he published Reconnaissance and Scouting.[16]

Baden-Powell in 1896

Baden-Powell returned to Africa in 1896, and served in the Second Matabele War, in the expedition to relieve British South Africa Company personnel under siege in Bulawayo.[17] This was a formative experience for him not only because he commanded reconnaissance missions into enemy territory in the Matopos Hills, but because many of his later Boy Scout ideas took hold here.[18] It was during this campaign that he first met and befriended the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, who introduced Baden-Powell to stories of the American Old West and woodcraft (i.e., scoutcraft), and here that he wore his signature Stetson campaign hat and neckerchief for the first time.[10]

Baden-Powell was accused of illegally executing a prisoner of war in 1896, the Matabele chief Uwini, who had been promised his life would be spared if he surrendered. Uwini was shot by firing squad under Baden-Powell's instructions. Baden-Powell was cleared by the intervention of a military inquiry but the colonial civil authorities wanted a civil investigation and trial. Baden-Powell later claimed he was "released without a stain on my character." Baden-Powell was also accused of allowing native African warriors under his command to massacre enemy prisoners including women, children and non-combatants.

After Rhodesia, Baden-Powell served in the Fourth Ashanti War in Gold Coast. In 1897, at the age of 40, he was brevetted colonel (the youngest colonel in the British Army) and given command of the 5th Dragoon Guards in India.[19] A few years later he wrote a small manual, entitled Aids to Scouting, a summary of lectures he had given on the subject of military scouting, much of it a written explanation of the lessons he had learned from Burnham, to help train recruits.[20] Using this and other methods he was able to train them to think independently, use their initiative, and survive in the wilderness.

Siege of Mafeking, 10 Shillings (1900), Boer War currency issued by authority of Colonel Robert Baden-Powell.

Baden-Powell returned to South Africa before the Second Boer War and was engaged in further military actions against the Zulus. He organised the Legion of Frontiersmen to assist the regular army. Although instructed to maintain a mobile mounted force on the frontier with the Boer republic, Baden-Powell amassed stores and a garrison at Mafeking. While engaged in this, he and much of his intended mobile force was at Mafeking when it was surrounded by a Boer army, at times in excess of 8,000 men.

Baden-Powell was the garrison commander during the subsequent Siege of Mafeking, which lasted 217 days. Although Baden-Powell could have destroyed his stores and had sufficient forces to break out throughout much of the siege, especially since the Boers lacked adequate artillery to shell the town or its forces, he remained in the town to the point of his intended mounted soldiers eating their horses. The garrison held out until relieved, in part thanks to cunning deceptions devised by Baden-Powell. Fake minefields were planted and his soldiers pretended to avoid non-existent barbed wire while moving between trenches.[21] Baden-Powell did most of the reconnaissance work himself.[22] In one instance noting that the Boers had not removed the rail line, Baden-Powell loaded an armoured locomotive with sharpshooters and successfully sent it down the rails into the heart of the Boer encampment and back again in a strategic attempt to decapitate the Boer leadership.

Baden-Powell on a patriotic postcard in 1900

Contrary views of Baden-Powell's actions during the siege argue that his success in resisting the Boers was secured at the expense of the lives of the native African soldiers and civilians, including members of his own African garrison. Pakenham stated that Baden-Powell drastically reduced the rations to the native garrison.[23] However, in 2001, after subsequent research, Pakenham decidedly retreated from this position.[10][24]

During the siege, the Mafeking Cadet Corps of white boys below fighting age stood guard, carried messages, assisted in hospitals, and so on, freeing grown men to fight. Baden-Powell did not form the Cadet Corps himself, and there is no evidence that he took much notice of them during the Siege. But he was sufficiently impressed with both their courage and the equanimity with which they performed their tasks to use them later as an object lesson in the first chapter of Scouting for Boys.

The siege was lifted on 16 May 1900. Baden-Powell was promoted to Major-General, and became a national hero.[25]

Briefly back in the United Kingdom in October 1901, Baden-Powell was invited to visit King Edward VII at Balmoral, the monarch's Scottish retreat, and personally invested as Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB).[26]

After organising the South African Constabulary, a colonial police force, he returned to England to take up a post as Inspector General of Cavalry in 1903. While holding this position, Baden-Powell was instrumental in reforming reconnaissance training in British cavalry, giving the force an important advantage in scouting ability over continental rivals.[27] In 1907 he was appointed to command the Northumbrian Division of the newly formed Territorial Force.[28]

In 1910 Lieutenant-General Baden-Powell decided to retire from the Army, allegedly on the advice of King Edward VII that he could better serve his country by promoting Scouting.[29][30]

On the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Baden-Powell put himself at the disposal of the War Office. No command was given to him. Lord Kitchener said: "he could lay his hand on several competent divisional generals but could find no one who could carry on the invaluable work of the Boy Scouts."[31] It was widely rumoured that Baden-Powell was engaged in spying, and intelligence officers took great care to spread the myth.[32]

Scouting movement

Pronunciation of Baden-Powell
/ˈbeɪdən ˈpoʊ.əl/
Man, Nation, Maiden
Please call it Baden.
Further, for Powell
Rhyme it with Noel

—Verse by B-P

On his return from Africa in 1903, Baden-Powell found that his military training manual, Aids to Scouting, had become a best-seller, and was being used by teachers and youth organisations.[33] Following his involvement in the Boys' Brigade as Brigade Secretary and Officer in charge of its scouting section, with encouragement from his friend, William Alexander Smith, Baden-Powell decided to re-write Aids to Scouting to suit a youth readership. In August 1907 he held a camp on Brownsea Island to test out his ideas. About twenty boys attended: eight from local Boys' Brigade companies, and about twelve public school boys, mostly sons of his friends.

Baden-Powell was also influenced by Ernest Thompson Seton, who founded the Woodcraft Indians. Seton gave Baden-Powell a copy of his book The Birch Bark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians and they met in 1906.[34][35] The first book on the Scout Movement, Baden-Powell's Scouting for Boys was published in six instalments in 1908, and has sold approximately 150 million copies as the fourth best-selling book of the 20th century.[36]

Reviewing the Boy Scouts of Washington D.C. from the portico of the White House: Baden-Powell, President Taft, British ambassador Bryce (1912)

Boys and girls spontaneously formed Scout troops and the Scouting Movement had inadvertently started, first as a national, and soon an international phenomenon. The Scouting Movement was to grow up in friendly parallel relations with the Boys' Brigade. A rally for all Scouts was held at Crystal Palace in London in 1909, at which Baden-Powell discovered the first Girl Scouts. The Girl Guide Movement was subsequently formalised in 1910 under the auspices of Baden-Powell's sister, Agnes Baden-Powell. Baden-Powell's friend Juliette Gordon Low was encouraged by him to bring the Movement to the United States, where she founded the Girl Scouts of the USA.

In 1920, the 1st World Scout Jamboree took place in Olympia in West Kensington, and Baden-Powell was acclaimed Chief Scout of the World. Baden-Powell was created a Baronet in 1921 and Baron Baden-Powell, of Gilwell, in the County of Essex, on 17 September 1929, Gilwell Park being the International Scout Leader training centre.[37] After receiving this honour, Baden-Powell mostly styled himself "Baden-Powell of Gilwell".

Three Scouting pioneers: Robert Baden-Powell (seated), Ernest T. Seton (left), and Dan Beard (right)

In 1929, during the 3rd World Scout Jamboree, he received as a present a new 20-horsepower Rolls-Royce car (chassis number GVO-40, registration OU 2938) and an Eccles Caravan.[38] This combination well served the Baden-Powells in their further travels around Europe. The caravan was nicknamed Eccles and is now on display at Gilwell Park. The car, nicknamed Jam Roll, was sold after his death by Olave Baden-Powell in 1945. Jam Roll and Eccles were reunited at Gilwell for the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007. Recently it has been purchased on behalf of Scouting and is owned by a charity, B-P Jam Roll Ltd. Funds are being raised to repay the loan that was used to purchase the car.[38][39] Baden-Powell also had a positive impact on improvements in youth education.[40] Under his dedicated command the world Scouting movement grew. By 1922 there were more than a million Scouts in 32 countries; by 1939 the number of Scouts was in excess of 3.3 million.[41]

At the 5th World Scout Jamboree in 1937, Baden-Powell gave his farewell to Scouting, and retired from public Scouting life. 22 February, the joint birthday of Robert and Olave Baden-Powell, continues to be marked as Founder's Day by Scouts and Thinking Day by Guides to remember and celebrate the work of the Chief Scout and Chief Guide of the World.

In his final letter to the Scouts, Baden-Powell wrote:

... I have had a most happy life and I want each one of you to have a happy life too. I believe that God put us in this jolly world to be happy and enjoy life. Happiness does not come from being rich, nor merely being successful in your career, nor by self-indulgence. One step towards happiness is to make yourself healthy and strong while you are a boy, so that you can be useful and so you can enjoy life when you are a man. Nature study will show you how full of beautiful and wonderful things God has made the world for you to enjoy. Be contented with what you have got and make the best of it. Look on the bright side of things instead of the gloomy one. But the real way to get happiness is by giving out happiness to other people. Try and leave this world a little better than you found it and when your turn comes to die, you can die happy in feeling that at any rate you have not wasted your time but have done your best. 'Be Prepared' in this way, to live happy and to die happy — stick to your Scout Promise always — even after you have ceased to be a boy — and God help you to do it.[42]

Personal life

Olave Baden-Powell

In January 1912, Baden-Powell was en route to New York on a Scouting World Tour, on the ocean liner SS Arcadian, when he met Olave St Clair Soames.[43][44] She was 23, while he was 55; they shared the same birthday, 22 February. They became engaged in September of the same year, causing a media sensation due to Baden-Powell's fame. To avoid press intrusion, they married in private on 30 October 1912, at St Peter's Church in Parkstone.[45] The Scouts of England each donated a penny to buy Baden-Powell a wedding gift, a car (note that this is not the Rolls-Royce they were presented with in 1929). There is a monument to their marriage inside St Mary's Church, Brownsea Island.

Baden-Powell grave

Baden-Powell and Olave lived in Pax Hill near Bentley, Hampshire from about 1919 until 1939.[46] The Bentley house was a gift of her father.[47] Directly after he had married, Baden-Powell began to suffer persistent headaches, which were considered by his doctor to be of psychosomatic origin and treated with dream analysis.[10] The headaches disappeared upon his moving into a makeshift bedroom set up on his balcony.

In 1939, Baden-Powell and Olave moved to a cottage he had commissioned in Nyeri, Kenya, near Mount Kenya, where he had previously been to recuperate. The small one-room house, which he named Paxtu, was located on the grounds of the Outspan Hotel, owned by Eric Sherbrooke Walker, Baden-Powell's first private secretary and one of the first Scout inspectors.[10] Walker also owned the Treetops Hotel, approximately 17 km out in the Aberdare Mountains, often visited by Baden-Powell and people of the Happy Valley set. The Paxtu cottage is integrated into the Outspan Hotel buildings and serves as a small Scouting museum.

Baden-Powell died on 8 January 1941 and is buried at St. Peter's Cemetery in Nyeri.[48] His gravestone bears a circle with a dot in the centre "ʘ", which is the trail sign for "Going home", or "I have gone home":[49] When his wife Olave died, her ashes were sent to Kenya and interred beside her husband. Kenya has declared Baden-Powell's grave a national monument.[50]

Significant family members

Baden-Powell with wife and three children, 1917

In addition, when Olave's sister Auriol Davidson (née Soames) died in 1919, Olave and Robert took her three nieces, Christian (1912–1975), Clare (1913–1980), and Yvonne, (1918–1995?), into their family and brought them up as their own children.

Personal beliefs

A World War I propaganda poster drawn by Baden-Powell

Tim Jeal, who wrote the biography Baden-Powell, argued that Baden-Powell's distrust of communism led to his implicit support, through naïveté, of fascism. Baden-Powell admired Benito Mussolini early in the Italian fascist leader's career. In 1939 Baden-Powell noted in his diary: "Lay up all day. Read Mein Kampf. A wonderful book, with good ideas on education, health, propaganda, organisation etc. – and ideals which Hitler does not practise himself."[10]:550

Some early Scouting "Thanks" badges (from 1911) and the Scouting "Medal of Merit" badge had a swastika symbol on them.[54][55] When Nazi use of the swastika became well-known, the Scouts stopped using it. According to a biography by Michael Rosenthal, Baden-Powell used the swastika because he was a Nazi sympathiser. By contrast, Jeal argues that Baden-Powell had been ignorant of the symbol's growing association with Nazism and that he had used the symbol for its centuries-old meaning of "good luck" in India. (Nazi Germany banned Scouting in June 1934, seeing it as "a haven for young men opposed to the new State"[56] Based on the regime's view of Scouting as a dangerous espionage organisation, Baden-Powell's name was included in "The Black Book", a 1940 list of people slated for detention following the planned conquest of the United Kingdom.[57])

Rosenthal comments that Scouting aspired to uniformity through "a coherent ideology stressing unquestioning obedience to properly structured authority; happy acceptance of one's social and economic position in life; and an unwavering, uncritical patriotism".[58]

Artist and writer

Baden-Powell made paintings and drawings almost every day of his life. Most have a humorous or informative character.[10] He published books and other texts during his years of military service both to finance his life and to educate his men.[10]

Baden-Powell was regarded as an excellent storyteller. During his whole life he told "ripping yarns" to audiences.[10] After having published Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell kept on writing more handbooks and educative materials for all Scouts, as well as directives for Scout Leaders. In his later years, he also wrote about the Scout movement and his ideas for its future. He spent the last decade of his life in Africa, and many of his later books had African themes. Currently, many pages of his field diary, complete with drawings, are on display at the National Scouting Museum in Irving, Texas.

Baden-Powell was keen on amateur theatricals, from Charterhouse public school where among other roles he played female operatic roles. In the army he made a speciality of female roles and would often make his own dresses. His stage specialty was what he called his skirt dance.

Sexuality

Three of Baden-Powell's many biographers comment on his sexuality; the first two (in 1979 and 1986) focused on his relationship with his close friend Kenneth McLaren.[59]:217–218[60]:48 Tim Jeal's later biography discusses the relationship and finds that there is no evidence that this friendship was of an erotic nature.[10]:82 Jeal then examines Baden-Powell's views on women, his appreciation of the male form, his military relationships, and his marriage, concluding that, in his personal opinion, Baden-Powell was a repressed homosexual.[10]:103 Jeal's conclusion is disputed.[61]:6

Works

Military books

  • 1884: Reconnaissance and Scouting
  • 1885: Cavalry Instruction
  • 1889: Pigsticking or Hoghunting
  • 1896: The Downfall of Prempeh
  • 1897: The Matabele Campaign
  • 1899: Aids to Scouting for N.-C.Os and Men
  • 1900: Sport in War
  • 1901: Notes and Instructions for the South African Constabulary
  • 1914: Quick Training for War

Scouting books

Other books

  • 1905: Ambidexterity (co-authored with John Jackson)
  • 1915: Indian Memories
  • 1915: My Adventures as a Spy[65]
  • 1916: Young Knights of the Empire: Their Code, and Further Scout Yarns[66]
  • 1921: An Old Wolf's Favourites
  • 1927: Life's Snags and How to Meet Them
  • 1933: Lessons From the Varsity of Life
  • 1934: Adventures and Accidents
  • 1936: Adventuring to Manhood
  • 1937: African Adventures
  • 1938: Birds and Beasts of Africa
  • 1939: Paddle Your Own Canoe
  • 1940: More Sketches Of Kenya

Sculpture

  • 1905 John Smith[67]
Cover of first part of Scouting for Boys, January 1908

Awards

Statue of Baden-Powell by Don Potter in front of Baden-Powell House in London
Memorial to Baden-Powell, "Chief Scout of the World", at Westminster Abbey

In 1937 Baden-Powell was appointed to the Order of Merit, one of the most exclusive awards in the British honours system, and he was also awarded 28 decorations by foreign states, including the Grand Officer of the Portuguese Order of Christ,[68] the Grand Commander of the Greek Order of the Redeemer (1920),[69] the Commander of the French Légion d'honneur (1925), the First Class of the Hungarian Order of Merit (1929), the Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog of Denmark, the Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion, the Grand Cross of the Order of the Phoenix, and the Order of Polonia Restituta.

The Silver Wolf Award worn by Robert Baden-Powell is handed down the line of his successors, with the current Chief Scout, Bear Grylls, wearing this original award.

The Bronze Wolf Award, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting, was first awarded to Baden-Powell by a unanimous decision of the then International Committee on the day of the institution of the Bronze Wolf in Stockholm in 1935. He was also the first recipient of the Silver Buffalo Award in 1926, the highest award conferred by the Boy Scouts of America.

In 1927, at the Swedish National Jamboree he was awarded by the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund with the "Großes Dankabzeichen des ÖPB.[70]:113

In 1931 Baden-Powell received the highest award of the First Austrian Republic (Großes Ehrenzeichen der Republik am Bande) out of the hands of President Wilhelm Miklas.[70]:101 Baden-Powell was also one of the first and few recipients of the Goldene Gemse, the highest award conferred by the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund.[71]

In 1931, Major Frederick Russell Burnham dedicated Mount Baden-Powell[72] in California to his old Scouting friend from forty years before.[73][74] Today their friendship is honoured in perpetuity with the dedication of the adjoining peak, Mount Burnham.[75]

Baden-Powell was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize on numerous occasions, including 10 separate nominations in 1928.[76] He was awarded the Wateler Peace Prize in 1937.[77]

In 2002, Baden-Powell was named 13th in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.[78]

As part of the Scouting 2007 Centenary, Nepal renamed Urkema Peak to Baden-Powell Peak.[79]

Styles

The family name legally changed from Powell to Baden-Powell by Royal Licence on 30 April 1902.[37]

Promotions

Honours

British

Others

Arms

Arms of Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell
Adopted
1929
Coronet
Coronet of a baron.
Crest
1st: a Lion passant Or in the paw a broken Tilting Spear in bend proper pendent therefrom by a Riband Gules an Escutcheon resting on a Wreath Sable charged with a Pheon Or (Powell); 2nd: out of a Crown Vallary Or a Demi Lion rampant Gules on the head a like Crown charged on the shoulders with a Cross Patée Argent and supporting with the paws a Sword Erect proper Pommel and Hilt Gold (Baden).
Escutcheon
Quarterly: 1 and 4th, Per fess Or and Argent a Lion rampant gules between two Tilting Spears erect proper (Powell); 2nd and 3rd, Argent a Lion rampant proper on the head a Crown Vallary Or between four Crosses Patée Gules and as many Fleur-de-lis Azure alternately (Baden).
Supporters
Not shown here. Dexter: an Officer of 13th/18th Hussars in full dress his Sword drawn over his shoulder proper; sinister: a Boy Scout holding a Staff also proper.
Motto
Ar Nyd Yw Pwyll Pyd Yw (Where there is steadiness, there will be a Powell).
Orders

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Ashanti Campaign, 1895". The Pine Tree Web. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  2. ↑ "RELIEF OF MAFEKING CELEBRATIONS.". The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1871 - 1912) (NSW: National Library of Australia). 26 May 1900. p. 1225. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  3. ↑ "Matabele Campaign". The Pine Tree Web. Retrieved 2 December 2006.
  4. ↑ "Queen's South Africa Medal". The Pine Tree Web. Retrieved 2 December 2006.
  5. ↑ "Kings's South Africa Medal". The Pine Tree Web. Retrieved 2 December 2006.
  6. ↑ "Silver Buffalo Awards". Boy Scouts of America. 2014.
  7. ↑ "The Library Headlines". ScoutBase UK. Archived from the original on 15 March 2005. Retrieved 2 December 2006.
  8. ↑ "B-P Gallery:". Pinetreeweb.com. 16 May 1997. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  9. ↑ "The Scouting Pages". The Scouting Pages. 9 August 1907. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Jeal, Tim (1989). Baden-Powell. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-170670-X.
  11. ↑ "The life of Robert Stephenson — A Timeline". Robert Stephenson Trust. Retrieved 13 October 2009.
  12. ↑ Palstra, Theo P.M. (April 1967). Baden-Powell, zijn leven en werk [Baden-Powell, His Life and Work, a True Story] (in Dutch). Den Haag: De Nationale Padvindersraad.
  13. ↑ Drewery, Mary (1975). Baden-Powell: The Man Who Lived Twice. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-18102-8.
  14. ↑ Jeal, Tim (2001). Baden-Powell: Founder of the Boy Scouts. p. 134.
  15. ↑ Baden-Powell, Sir Robert (1915). "My Adventures As A Spy". Pine Tree Web. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  16. ↑ Baden-Powell, Robert (1884). Reconnaissance and scouting. A practical course of instruction, in twenty plain lessons, for officers, non-commissioned officers, and men. London: W. Clowes and Sons. OCLC 9913678.
  17. ↑ Baden-Powell, Robert (1897). The Matabele Campaign, 1896. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-8371-3566-4.
  18. ↑ Proctor, Tammy M. (July 2000). "A Separate Path: Scouting and Guiding in Interwar South Africa". Comparative Studies in Society and History 42 (3). ISSN 0010-4175.
  19. ↑ Barrett, C.R.B. (1911). History of The XIII. Hussars. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons. Retrieved 2 January 2007.
  20. ↑ "First Scouting Handbook". Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  21. ↑ Latimer, Jon (2001). Deception in War. London: John Murray. pp. 32–5.
  22. ↑ Conan-Doyle, Arthur (1901). "The Siege of Mafeking". Pine Tree Web. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
  23. ↑ Pakenham, Thomas (1979). The Boer War. New York: Avon Books. ISBN 0-380-72001-9.
  24. ↑ Pakenham, Thomas (2001). The Siege of Mafeking.
  25. ↑ "Robert Baden-Powell: Defender of Mafeking and Founder of the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides". Past Exhibition Archive. National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
  26. ↑ "Court circular" The Times (London). Monday, 14 October 1901. (36585), p. 9.
  27. ↑ Jones, Spencer. "Scouting for Soldiers: Reconnaissance and the British Cavalry, 1899 – 1914". War in History. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  28. ↑ Reported as "a Yorkshire division" in The Times, 29 October 1907, p.6; the Dictionary of National Biography lists it as the Northumbrian Division, which encompassed units from the North and East Ridings of Yorkshire as well as Northumbria proper.
  29. ↑ Baden-Powell, Robert; Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell Baden-Powell of Gilwell, Robert; Boehmer, Elleke (2005). Scouting for Boys: A Handbook for Instruction in Good Citizenship. Oxford University Press. p. lv. ISBN 978-0-19-280246-0.
  30. ↑ "Lord Robert Baden-Powell "B-P" – Chief Scout of the World". The Wivenhoe Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
  31. ↑ Saint George Saunders, Hilary (1948). "Chapter II, Enterprise, Lord Baden-Powell". The Left Handshake. Retrieved 2 January 2007.
  32. ↑ Baden-Powell, Sir Robert (1915). "My Adventures as a Spy". PineTree.web. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
  33. ↑ Peterson, Robert (2003). "Marching to a Different Drummer". Scouting. Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 2 January 2007.
  34. ↑ "Ernest Thompson Seton and Woodcraft". InFed. 2002. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
  35. ↑ "Robert Baden-Powell as an Educational Innovator". InFed. 2002. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
  36. ↑ Extrapolation for global range of other language publications, and related to the number of Scouts, make a realistic estimate of 100 to 150 million books. Details from Jeal, Tim. Baden-Powell. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-170670-X.
  37. 1 2 3 "Family history, Person Page 876". The Peerage. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
  38. 1 2 "What ever happened to Baden-Powell's Rolls Royce?". Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  39. ↑ ""Johnny" Walker's Scouting Milestones". 20 July 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  40. ↑ "Baden-Powell as an Educational Innovator". Infed Thinkers. Retrieved 4 February 2006.
  41. ↑ Nagy, László (1985). 250 million Scouts. Geneva: World Scout Foundation.
  42. ↑ Baden-Powell, Sir Robert. "B-P's final letter to the Scouts". Girl Guiding UK. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
  43. ↑ Baden-Powell, Olave. "Window on My Heart". The Autobiography of Olave, Lady Baden-Powell, G.B.E.as told to Mary Drewery. Hodder & Stoughton. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
  44. ↑ "Fact Sheet: The Three Baden-Powell's: Robert, Agnes, and Olave" (PDF). Girl Guides of Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2008.
  45. ↑ "Olave St Clair Baden-Powell (née Soames), Baroness Baden-Powell; Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell". National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
  46. ↑ "Wey People, the Big Names of the Valley". Wey River freelance community. Retrieved 29 April 2007.
  47. ↑ Wade, Eileen K. "Pax Hill". PineTree Web. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
  48. ↑ ""B-P" – Chief Scout of the World". Baden-Powell. World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  49. ↑ Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell at Find a Grave
  50. ↑ Olave St. Clair Baden-Powell at Find a Grave
  51. ↑ "Olave Baden-Powell - Home".
  52. ↑ "Betty Clay - Home".
  53. ↑ "Gervas Clay - Home".
  54. ↑ Gresh, Lois H.; Weinberg, Robert (2008). Why Did It Have To Be Snakes: From Science to the Supernatural, The Many Mysteries of Indiana Jones. John Wiley & Sons. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-470-22556-1. Retrieved 18 December 2013. The symbol [swastika] was used on the Thanks Badge, created in 1911. The swastika had been a symbol for luck in India long before being adopted by the Nazis, and Baden-Powell would have come across it during his years serving in that country. In 1922, the swastika was incorporated into the design for the Medal of Merit. The symbol was dropped by the Boy Scouts in 1934 because of its use by the Nazi Party.
  55. ↑ "Boy Scout medal with fleur-de-lis and swastika, 1930s". The Learning Federation. Retrieved 3 September 2008.
  56. ↑ Laqueur, Walter (1962). Young Germany: A History of the German Youth Movement. Transaction Books. pp. 201–202. ISBN 0-88738-002-6.
  57. ↑ Schellenberg, Walter (2000). Invasion, 1940: The Nazi Invasion Plan for Britain. Imperial War Museum (London: St Ermin's Press).
  58. ↑ Rosenthal, Michael (1986). The Character Factory: Baden-Powell and the Origins of the Boy Scout Movement. Pantheon Books. p. 7. Retrieved 18 December 2013. While the Scout factory for the turning out of serviceable citizens could not vouch for the uniformity of its finished product, its aspirations for such uniformity were nonetheless real. Both specifications and uses, in this case, were supplied by a coherent ideology stressing unquestioning obedience to properly structured authority; happy acceptance of one's social and economic position in life; and an unwavering, uncritical patriotism.
  59. ↑ Brendon, Piers (1979). Eminent Edwardians. Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0-436-06810-9.
  60. ↑ Rosenthal, Michael (1986). The Character Factory: Baden-Powell and the Origins of the Boy Scout Movement. Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-394-51169-7.
  61. ↑ Block, Nelson R.; Proctor, Tammy M., eds. (2009). Scouting Frontiers: Youth and the Scout Movement's First Century. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 1-4438-0450-9.
  62. ↑ Lord Baden-Powell of Gilwell (1921). What Scouts Can Do: More Yarns. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
  63. ↑ "B-P prepared a farewell message to his Scouts, for publication after his death". Scouts.org. Archived 1 January 1970 at the Wayback Machine.
  64. ↑ West, James E.; Lamb, Peter O. (1932). He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the Boys' Story of Frederick Burnham, the American Scout. illustrated by Lord Baden-Powell. New York: Brewer, Warren and Putnam; Boy Scouts of America.
  65. ↑ My Adventures as a Spy at Project Gutenberg
  66. ↑ Young Knights of the Empire: Their Code, and Further Scout Yarns at Project Gutenberg
  67. ↑ "John Smith". The Library of Virginia. Retrieved 29 July 2007.
  68. ↑ "Supplement to the London Gazette". London Gazette. 1 June 1920. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  69. ↑ "Decoration Conferred by His Majesty the King of the Hellenes" (PDF). The London Gazette. 22 October 1920. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
  70. 1 2 Pribich, Kurt (2004). Logbuch der Pfadfinderverbände in Österreich (in German). Vienna: Pfadfinder-Gilde-Österreichs.
  71. ↑ Wilceczek, Hans Gregor (1931). Georgsbrief des Bundesfeldmeisters für das Jahr 1931 an die Wölflinge, Pfadfinder, Rover und Führer im Ö.P.B. (in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund. p. 4.
  72. ↑ "Mount Baden-Powell". USGS. Retrieved 17 April 2006.
  73. ↑ "Dedication of Mount Baden-Powell". The Pine Tree Web. Retrieved 23 April 2006.
  74. ↑ Burnham, Frederick Russell (1944). Taking Chances. Haynes. xxv–xxix. ISBN 1-879356-32-5.
  75. ↑ "Mapping Service". Mount Burnham. Retrieved 17 April 2006.
  76. ↑ "Nomination Database: Baden-Powell". The Nomination Database for the Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–1956. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
  77. ↑ "Lijst van Laureaten van de Carnegie Wateler Vredesprijs". Retrieved 11 July 2013.
  78. ↑ "100 great Britons – A complete list". Daily Mail. 21 August 2002. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  79. ↑ "Rasuwa peak named after Baden Powell". The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 4 August 2012 Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  80. ↑ London Gazette, 12 September 1876 Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  81. ↑ London Gazette, 17 September 1878 Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  82. ↑ London Gazette, 15 January 1884 Archived 30 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  83. ↑ London Gazette, 12 July 1892 Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  84. ↑ London Gazette, 31 March 1896 Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
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  89. ↑ London Gazette, 9 November 1909 Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  90. ↑ London Gazette, 1 January 1923 Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  91. ↑ London Gazette, 12 October 1909 Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  92. ↑ London Gazette, 24 May 1912 Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  93. ↑ London Gazette, 1 January 1921 Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  94. ↑ London Gazette, 23 February 1923 Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  95. ↑ London Gazette, 3 June 1927 Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  96. ↑ London Gazette, 20 September 1929 Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  97. ↑ London Gazette, 11 May 1937 Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  98. ↑ London Gazette, 7 October 1919 Archived 14 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  99. ↑ London Gazette, 22 October 1920 Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  100. ↑ London Gazette, 11 October 1921 Archived 3 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.

Related readings: biographies

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Peerage of the United Kingdom
New title Baron Baden-Powell
1929–1941 		Succeeded by
Peter Baden-Powell
Baronetage of the United Kingdom
New title Baronet
 (of Bentley)
1922–1941 		Succeeded by
Peter Baden-Powell
Scouting
New title Chief Scout of the British Empire
1908–1941 		Succeeded by
Lord Somers
New title Chief Scout of the World
1920–1941 		Never assigned again


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