BBCH-scale (cereals)
In biology, the BBCH-scale for cereals describes the phenological development of cereals using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of cereals are:
| Growth stage | Code | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0: Germination | 00 | Dry seed (caryopsis) |
| 01 | Beginning of seed imbibition | |
| 03 | Seed imbibition complete | |
| 05 | Radicle emerged from caryopsis | |
| 06 | Radicle elongated, root hairs and/or side roots visible | |
| 07 | Coleoptile emerged from caryopsis | |
| 09 | Emergence: coleoptile penetrates soil surface (cracking stage) | |
| 1: Leaf development1, 2 | 10 | First leaf through coleoptile |
| 11 | First leaf unfolded | |
| 12 | 2 leaves unfolded | |
| 13 | 3 leaves unfolded | |
| 1 . | Stages continuous till . . . | |
| 19 | 9 or more leaves unfolded | |
| 2: Tillering3 | 20 | No tillers |
| 21 | Beginning of tillering: first tiller detectable | |
| 22 | 2 tillers detectable | |
| 23 | 3 tillers detectable | |
| 2 . | Stages continuous till . . . | |
| 29 | End of tillering. Maximum no. of tillers detectable | |
| 3: Stem elongation | 30 | Beginning of stem elongation: pseudostem and tillers erect, first internode begins to elongate, top of inflorescence at least 1 cm above tillering node |
| 31 | First node at least 1 cm above tillering node | |
| 32 | Node 2 at least 2 cm above node 1 | |
| 33 | Node 3 at least 2 cm above node 2 | |
| 3 . | Stages continuous till . . . | |
| 37 | Flag leaf just visible, still rolled | |
| 39 | Flag leaf stage: flag leaf fully unrolled, ligule just visible | |
| 4: Booting | 41 | Early boot stage: flag leaf sheath extending |
| 43 | Mid boot stage: flag leaf sheath just visibly swollen | |
| 45 | Late boot stage: flag leaf sheath swollen | |
| 47 | Flag leaf sheath opening | |
| 49 | First awns visible (in awned forms only) | |
| 5: Inflorescence emergence, heading | 51 | Beginning of heading: tip of inflorescence emerged from sheath, first spikelet just visible |
| 52 | 20% of inflorescence emerged | |
| 53 | 30% of inflorescence emerged | |
| 54 | 40% of inflorescence emerged | |
| 55 | Middle of heading: half of inflorescence emerged | |
| 56 | 60% of inflorescence emerged | |
| 57 | 70% of inflorescence emerged | |
| 58 | 80% of inflorescence emerged | |
| 59 | End of heading: inflorescence fully emerged | |
| 6: Flowering, anthesis | 61 | Beginning of flowering: first anthers visible |
| 65 | Full flowering: 50% of anthers mature | |
| 69 | End of flowering: all spikelets have completed flowering but some dehydrated anthers may remain | |
| 7: Development of fruit | 71 | Watery ripe: first grains have reached half their final size |
| 73 | Early milk | |
| 75 | Medium milk: grain content milky, grains reached final size,
still green | |
| 77 | Late milk | |
| 8: Ripening | 83 | Early dough |
| 85 | Soft dough: grain content soft but dry. Fingernail impression not held | |
| 87 | Hard dough: grain content solid. Fingernail impression held | |
| 89 | Fully ripe: grain hard, difficult to divide with thumbnail | |
| 9: Senescence | 92 | Over-ripe: grain very hard, cannot be dented by thumbnail |
| 93 | Grains loosening in day-time | |
| 97 | Plant dead and collapsing | |
| 99 | Harvested product | |
1 A leaf is unfolded when its ligule is visible or the tip of the next leaf is visible
2 Tillering or stem elongation may occur earlier than stage 13; in this case continue
with stages 21
3 If stem elongation begins before the end of tillering continue with stage 30
References
Lancashire, P.D.; H. Bleiholder; P. Langeluddecke; R. Stauss; T. van den Boom; E. Weber; A. Witzen-Berger (1991). "A uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds". Ann. Appl. Biol. 119 (3): 561–601. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb04895.x.
Witzenberger, A.; H. Hack; T. van den Boom (1989). "Erläuterungen zum BBCH-Dezimal-Code für die Entwicklungsstadien des Getreides - mit Abbildungen". Gesunde Pflanzen 41: 384–388.