Back-up beeper

A back up beeper warns of a garbage truck backing up as it works its way around a cul-de-sac.

A back-up beeper also known as back-up alarm, backup beeper, or vehicle motion alarm, is a device intended to warn passersby of a vehicle moving in reverse. They typically produce 1000 Hz pure tone beeps at 97-112 decibels, considerably higher than the long-term hearing loss limit of 80 decibels.[1]

Matsusaburo Yamaguchi of Yamaguchi Electric Company, Japan, invented the back-up beeper. It was first manufactured as model BA1 in 1963.[2]

Criticism

Back-up beepers are criticized by the public and in scientific literature. Beepers top lists of complaints to government roadbuilders relating to road construction noise. There is published concern that people habituate to the ubiquitous noise, diminishing its effectiveness. Strategies such as adjusting the volume according to the ambient noise and changing the tone to include sounds above 1600 Hz and below 800 Hz for improved localization would improve the alarm, but improvements are not cost-effective for the manufacturer and, if implemented by the equipment owner, introduce liability for the owner.[1]

Brains are not adapted for dealing with the repetitive and persistent sound of back-up beepers, but more towards natural sounds that dissipate. The sound is perceived as irritating or painful, which breaks concentration.[3]

In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, back-up warning systems using blasts of white noise are becoming more common, and are obligatory for suppliers of some large construction projects. White noise does not have to be as loud as beeps in order to be able to be heard over background noise, and people can more easily hear from which direction the signal comes.[4]

Ambient sensing alarms

While not addressing the criticism of the type of sound, units exist that moderate the volume based on sensing ambient sound.

Regulations in the United States of America

Back-up beepers or an observer are required by OSHA for motor vehicles with an obstructed view to the rear.[5] Alarms are typically loud because manufacturers do not know the ambient noise level where the machines will be used.[1]

The relevant OSHA regulation is 29 CFR Part 1926.601(b)(4) which requires "a reverse signal alarm audible above surrounding noise level", but only when the motor vehicle has "an obstructed view to the rear". The determination of the noise level is left to the employer. However, because equipment is moved from place to place, the loudest alarms are often selected.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Holzman, DC (January 2011). "Vehicle Motion Alarms: Necessity, Noise Pollution, or Both?". Environ Health Perspect. pp. a30–33.
  2. ↑ "Corporate Profile". Triton Signal USA. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
  3. ↑ Wolchover, Natalie (September 2012). "Everyday Things that Make You Dumb: Why mundane experiences can throw your mental muscles for a loop". Reader's Digest. p. 37. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  4. ↑ Tom Scott (24 January 2014), "Why Do Reversing Trucks Not Beep Any More?", Things You Might Not Know, retrieved 14 August 2015
  5. ↑ "OSHA Safety and Health Regulations for Construction". Retrieved November 11, 2014.
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