Bahá'í Faith in Tanzania

The Bahá'í Faith in Tanzania begins when the first pioneer, Claire Gung, arrived in 1950 in what was then called Tanganyika.[1] With the first Tanganyikan to join the religion in 1952[2][3] the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly was elected in 1952 of Tanganyika in Dar es Salaam.[4] In 1956 a regional Bahá'í Assembly which included Tanganyika was elected.[5][6] Later each of the constituent countries successively formed their own independent Bahá'í National Spiritual Assembly and Tanganyika, with Zanzibar, formed its own in 1964 and it and the country was renamed Tanzania.[7] Since 1986 the Bahá'ís have operated the Ruaha Secondary School as a Bahá'í school.[8][9] In 2005 Bahá'ís were estimated at about 163,800 adherents.[10]

Early history

For much of the history of the country it was known as Tanganyika. In 1964 Zanzibar was brought under governance with Tanganyika after which the country was renamed Tanzania by merging the two names. This article will follow the timeline of name usage.

`Abdu'l-Bahá's Tablets of the Divine Plan

`Abdu'l-Bahá wrote a series of letters, or tablets, to the followers of the religion in the United States in 1916-1917; these letters were compiled together in the book Tablets of the Divine Plan. The eighth and twelfth of the tablets mentioned Africa and were written on April 19, 1916 and February 15, 1917, respectively. Publication however was delayed in the United States until 1919—after the end of the First World War and the Spanish flu. The tablets were translated and presented by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab on April 4, 1919, and published in Star of the West magazine on December 12, 1919.[11] `Abdu'l-Bahá mentions Bahá'ís traveling "…especially from America to Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia, and travel through Japan and China. Likewise, from Germany teachers and believers may travel to the continents of America, Africa, Japan and China; in brief, they may travel through all the continents and islands of the globe"[12] and " …the anthem of the oneness of the world of humanity may confer a new life upon all the children of men, and the tabernacle of universal peace be pitched on the apex of America; thus Europe and Africa may become vivified with the breaths of the Holy Spirit, this world may become another world, the body politic may attain to a new exhilaration…."[13]

The first Bahá'í to visit Tanganyika may have been Shoghi Effendi, head of the religion after the death of `Abdu'l-Bahá. Rúhíyyih Khanum, his wife from 1921, shared in 1961 that Shoghi Effendi, with a male companion from the holy family, travelled from Cape Town to Cairo in the early 1920s, at the end of the traditional safaris and the beginning of safaris done by car: "He found an English hunter who took him from one point to another through the bush in East Africa - in Uganda, Kenya, or Tanganyika."[14]

After World War II Bahá'ís began to move to the region. In 1950 the British Bahá'í community was called upon by Shoghi Effendi to spearhead and co-ordinate five national Bahá'í communities in a Two Year Plan to spread the religion in Africa. Claire Gung, a German-born Bahá'í who had joined the religion in Torquay, left in 1950 to pioneer to Tanganyika as the region was called then. She was hired as an assistant teacher at a school in the Usambara Mountains region[1] at Lushoto.[15] For this she earned the title Knight of Bahá'u'lláh.[16] Jalal Nakhjavani (and family), the first contemporary Persian pioneer to settle in Africa,[17] brother of Ali Nakhjavani, entered Tanganyika in January 1951.[18] Hasan and Isobel Sabri left for Tanganyika in July 1951[19] from Egypt.[17] After Louis George Gregory, the first Hand of the Cause of African descent, died on 30 July 1951, Tanganyikan Bahá'ís were among those who sent cablegrams for his memorial service.[20] By August there were five pioneers.[21] The first declaration of an indigenous Tanganyikan was noted on 21 August[2] in the person of Denis Dudley-Smith Kutendele.[3] During the formative years of Bahá'í communities in East Africa, the area received eighty pioneers, forty of whom were Persians. Forty percent of the these were women. Tanganyika attracted the greatest number of Persian Bahá'ís, at eighteen.[17] Wide scale growth in the religion across Sub-Saharan Africa was observed to begin in 1950s and extend in the 1960s.[22] In 1952 the first Local Spiritual Assembly of Tanganyika is established in Dar es Salaam.[4] Its members were: Jalal Nakhjavani, Isobel Sabri, Hassan Sabri, Darakshandeh Khanum Nakhjavani, Leslie Matola, Denis Dudley-Smith Kutendele, Frahang Naimi Gopalkrishnan Nayer, and Eustace Mwalimu - Matola was of the Yao tribe and Mwalimu was of another tribe.[23] In the summer of 1952 Denis Dudley-Smith Kutendele became the first pioneer to come from Tangayika when he moved to Nyasaland, now Malawi.[3]

Ten-Year Crusade

In 1953 Shoghi Effendi established a 10-year plan called the Ten Year Crusade.[24] Waves of pioneers fanned out in a great effort to spread the religion. Ottilie Rhein pioneered to Mauritius, where she was named a Knight of Bahá'u'lláh, after having visited Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika.[25] After a regional conference in 1953 the first pioneer from Uganda went to Mwanza, Tanganyika and native Tito Wanantsusi joined him there.[26] An early pioneer to Zanzibar was Salisa Karikal before the end of 1953.[27]

In 1954 Dr. Farhūmand left Tehran and settled in the country with his three children; his wife followed.[17] Dr. Farhūmand was particularly noted for his founding a multiracial clinic in Dar es Salaam and eventually served as personal physician to the first president of Tanzania. The death of a Persian Bahá'í, Mrs. Afrūḵta, widow of Yunis Khan, provided the opportunity for the still emerging Bahá'í community of Dar es Salaam to establish the first multiracial cemetery in that city.

By January 1956 the first Bahá'í arrived on Pemba Island.[28] Later in 1956 Shoghi Effendi called for the establishment of regional national assemblies of Bahá'ís to supervise the developing communities in regions of Africa. In the case of central and east Africa the regional assembly included many countries whose names have changed since then but at the time they were known as Belgian Congo, Kenya, Tanganyika, Comoro Is., Ruanda-Urundi, Uganda, French Equatorial Africa, Seychelles, Zanzibar, were part of the regional national assembly for Central & East Africa.[5][6] The convention was held in Kampala Uganda and delegates from Tanganyika and Zanzibar attended.[29] Hasan Balyuzi, then Chairman of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United Kingdom, whose task it was to target pioneers to Tanganyika, and Hand of the Cause Músá Banání represented Shoghi Effendi at the event. The members of the first regional national assembly were Ali Nakbjavani, Philip Hainsworth, Hassan Sabri, Oloro Epyeruj, Aziz Yazdi, Jalal Nakhjavani, Tito Wanantsusit, Sylvester Okurut, and Max Kenyerezi.

The regional assembly established short term schools - Tanganyika held its first weekend school in 1957.[30] The school started on a Saturday afternoon with an opening devotional program and the first class, followed by dinner and an evening of social activity. Sunday morning and part of the afternoon was devoted to more classes, panel discussions, demonstrations of the various procedures of Baha'i administrative life, such as elections and consultations, and question and answer sessions, and ending with a devotional. In early 1957 Gung moved from Tanganyika to Uganda where she founded a multi-racial kindergarten nursery.[31] In April the Local Spiritual Assembly of Dar es Salaam obtained their civic registration according to the Trustee's Incorporation Ordinance of Tanganyika.[32] The community of Tanganyika held three weekend schools in 1959.[33] Four Tanganyikan's attended the centralized school held in Kampala in 1960.[34] Conferences on the progress of the religion were held in 1960 at Mashi and Tunga with attendance by Hand of Cause Músá Banáni.[35]

In 1961 the Bahá'í House of Worship for Africa was dedicated.[36] Over 1500 people attended. Among the Bahá'ís were some 225 African Bahá'ís from Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika, Ruanda Urundi, Ethiopia, Northern Rhodesia, Swaziland, and South Africa; some 90 Persian Baha'is, sixty-two of whom flew from Tehran; the British national assembly, the mother assembly to that of Central and East Africa, sent one believer from each of its regions - England, Scotland and Wales, as well as one from Ireland; the American national assembly sent one of its members, Amos Gibson, himself a pioneer among the American Indian peoples. Following the dedications Rúhíyyih Khanum traveled through the area for a few months spending part of February in Tanganyika.[37]

The growth in the religion across the regional assembly of Central and East Africa was called "the most spectacular" by the Custodians who carried on the work of the religion between death of Shoghi Effendi and the election of the Universal House of Justice. In 1962 there were many Bahá'ís in Central and East Africa (over 42,000).[38] Hand of the Cause Enoch Olinga toured the region in 1962 and addressed gatherings at variety of locations in Tanganyika such as Usambara Estate, where about 1,400 people heard him; at Dar es Salaam, where two meetings were held; at Kivukoni College and at Mnazi Mmoja attended by over 150 people.[39]

Survey

In 1963 a survey was accomplished of the religion. In Tanzania it identifies there were 41 assemblies, 65 groups between 1 and 9 adults, and 48 isolated individuals.

A national community

Following the election of the Universal House of Justice, the Bahá'í populations across the African countries began to form their own National Spiritual Assembly: In 1964 - Tanganyika and Zanzibar and nearby islands together formed their own assembly[6] in time with the civic changes (including the new name of Tanzania) while others across sub-Saharan continued to form up to the 1990s. The national convention for the Bahá'ís of Tanganyika, Zanzibar, Mafia Island, and Pemba Island was held on May 1[40] though train breaks downs and flooded roads limited attendance by about half the delegates. The second half arrived the next morning reaching a total of 42 delegates. Hand of the Cause Músá Banání represented the Custodians and the newly elected Universal House of Justice at the convention. Many messages from Bahá'í communities arrived congratulating the Tanzanians from throughout the world which gave the delegates a grasp of breadth of the worldwide community. Those elected to the first national assembly were: H. S. Akida, Allen Elston, Mary Elston, Lamuka Mwangulu, Jalal Nakhjavani, Wallace NgaUomba, Glory Nyirenda, Ruhulah Yazdani and Jamsheed Samandari.[7] As of 1965 there were 75 local assemblies and Bahá'ís in about 265 localities. The Bahá'í assembly of Karachi, Pakistan was host to A. A. Badii of the Sokoine University of Agriculture campus of Morogo and a member of the national assembly of Tanzania in August 1967[41] and the national center buildings was finished in 1968.[42] Hand of the Cause Enoch Olinga attended the 1968 convention at the new center.[43] In 1969 the national assembly was officially recognized as a religious institution by the government.[44]

Developments within and without

In 1970 Hand of the Cause Rúhíyyih Khanum reprised her briefer tour from 1961 but this time took the month of September to tour through Tanzania as part of a trip through eastern Africa.[45] She visited Tanga, Dar es Salaam spoke to an audience of over two hundred, a ten-minute interview on the Tanzania government radio station, and meta member of the Tanzanian Supreme Court, the Rotary Club, then to Mafia Island where a meeting was held in the municipal hall, down to eastern and southern parts of the country. In part she visited places she visited in 1962 including Mwami where a big tree served as shade for a meeting. In April 1972 a campaign to present the religion in the town of Arusha had posters, fliers, pamphlets, books, culminated in a talk, songs by a choir, and prayers all with translations in Swahili with invitations to follow-up informational meetings.[46] In June the Hand of the Cause Rahmatu'lláh Muhájir visited Malaysia and while there encouraged Inparaju Chinniah to go to Africa as a travelling teacher where he spent six months in Tanzania on leave without salary and made a contribution to the work of the Faith there.[25] In October celebrations for United Nations Day were carried out in three Baha'i communities in Tanzania with talks and films.[47] In November an Indian Bahá'í, A. K. Forudi, toured the deep countryside near the border with Kenya promulgating the religion and offering classes on the religion to the Bahá'ís there.[48] He returned in January 1973 and toured more villages.[49] In early 1973 Ruhíyyíh Khanúm again visited in Tanzania.[50] In July 1973 a delegation from the national assembly was able to meet with then President William Tolbert of Liberia during his visit to a conference in Tanzania[51] and in the same month there was an informational booth at the fair held on Saba Saba Day.[52] By the end of 1973 children's classes are being taught in Magamba-Kwalonge village.[53]

In 1976 the national assembly produced a document Loyalty to Government: The Baha'i Viewpoint[54] as well as participated in a national conference on the progress of the religion as part of a broad review across the region kicked off by an international conference held in Kenya.[55] 1976 also saw the national assembly of Swaziland, Mozambique and Angola printing translations of Bahá'í prayers into the Yao language spoken in southern Tanzania and beyond.[56] A Tanzanian delegation also met with Rashidi Kawawa and presented volume XIV of Bahá'í World.[57]

The Uganda-Tanzania War broke out in 1978 and Ugandan President Idi Amin was overthrown by early 1979. This precipitated the conditions resulting in the murder of Hand of the Cause Enoch Olinga in September though details of the event weren't shared widespread until May 1980.[58] The news of his murder was conveyed to the African office of the Continental Counselors by Claire Gung.[59] Claire Gung herself died in 1985 entitled Knight of Bahá'u'lláh and Mother of Africa.[16] Amidst the tragedy in October 1979 the Bahá'ís of Tanzania hosted meetings at the national center for United Nations Day as well as a national conference on the progress of the religion in the country.[57]

In 1986 the Universal House of Justice asked several African countries to develop audio-visual Mobile Teaching Institutes including Tanzania.[60] The community also hosted a public meeting for the International Year of Peace at Dar es Salaam on November 29, 1986 called "Perspectives on Peace".[61] In 1987 the sixth National Youth Conference in Kenya drew attendees from Tanzania among other places.[62] In September 1987, the national assembly met with various institutions to plan two campaigns - one in the Kasulu district of the Kigoma region on Lake Tanganyika and the other in the Morogoro region in central Tanzania which including a traveling youth choir and slide show. By July 1988 several new local assemblies and Bahá'ís resulted.[63] Back in June a Tanzanian national youth conference was hosted at the Ruaha Secondary School.[64] A May 1989 campaign took place in the Same District aimed particularly at public school teachers.[65]

Service for society

Since its inception the religion has had involvement in socio-economic development beginning by giving greater freedom to women,[66] promulgating the promotion of female education as a priority concern,[67] and that involvement was given practical expression by creating schools, agricultural coops, and clinics.[66] In 1979 in Tanzania the Bahá'í community participated in a seminar on alcoholism and drug abuse organized by the Karibu Tanzania Project under the Ministry of National Culture and Youth.[68] The religion entered a new phase of activity when a message of the Universal House of Justice dated 20 October 1983 was released.[69] Bahá'ís were urged to seek out ways, compatible with the Bahá'í teachings, in which they could become involved in the social and economic development of the communities in which they lived. Worldwide in 1979 there were 129 officially recognized Bahá'í socio-economic development projects. By 1987, the number of officially recognized development projects had increased to 1482. This was the beginnings of ecological preservation projects by Bahá'ís began in this era.[70] And a review looking past 1987 focused on deepening women in the understanding of the Bahá'í Faith because widens their perspective and gives them self-confidence. This can be done by holding women's conferences at local, regional, and perhaps, national levels to both deepen them in the Bahá'í teachings and to provide a forum for discussion of women's ideas and concerns. As a follow-up, the production and circulation of a women's magazine, focusing on the same topics as the conferences, and with special emphasis on nutrition education, would be helpful.[71] A 1986 review noted three larger projects in Tanzania - a carpentry workshop, and a nursery school were up and running and plans for a technical/agricultural school were initiated.[72] This school developed into the Ruaha Secondary School (see below.)[73] Additionally, a program to train volunteer community health educators was conducted. In 1989 a Bahá'í expert and businessman in using appropriate technology from Swaziland traveled through six southern and eastern African countries including Tanzania training local people in the manufacture of several kinds of fence-making machines and other technologies in building, agriculture and water programs. The 10-day training courses were organized by the National Spiritual Assemblies in each of the six countries.[74]

Modern community

Internal developments

Savanna Georgia native Mike O'Neal and son Darrell took on a multi-nation tour of Africa on behalf of the Universal House of Justice as part of a delegation of other African-American Bahai's who visited Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania in January 1999.[75]

A succession of newsletters relates the advancement of the implementation of the Ruhi Institute and other recent developments in Tanzania.[76] The November 2001 newsletter reviews the recent plans affecting Bahá'í development from 1996.[77] The March 2002 edition reviews the books of the Ruhi Institute and the role of tutors.[78] The June 2002 focuses on the role of the tutor.[79] The September 2002 newsletter calls for a campaign for more tutors especially in four regions of Tanzania as well as the opportunities and limitations of being a tutor.[80] The February 2003 newsletter related the number of Ruhi Books and the categorization of a cluster, celebrated tutors who had facilitated many courses as well as news that some of the general public had taken part in study circles.[81] The August 2003 newsletter focused on the case of the Nyaruyoba Cluster, found in Kibondo District (Kigoma) and noted it was the fastest advancing cluster in Tanzania. It also reviewed with some detail which locations had proceeded further through the books and goals to look forward to.[82]

Multiplying interests

The Universal House of Justice released a letter "to the world's religious leaders" in April 2002. In Tanzania, the Baha'i community conveyed this letter to about 30 leaders. Some of the responses were positive - for example, Biharilal Keshavji Tanna of the Hindu Council of Tanzania wrote: "I have read the document with great interest and feel that it contains a supremely important message not only to the leaders of the faith groups, but to all thinking individuals, who must shoulder the duty and responsibility of breaking down barriers amongst the various groups of the family of mankind."[83]

The Bahá'ís worked with other religious leaders through the Christian Social Services Commission to work with people in the villages and sub-villages (vijiji and vitongoji) in preventing malarla.[84]

An article by a university scholar in the Encyclopedia of Peace Education noticed that Bahá'ís contribute to peace through involvement in interfaith activities and dialogue to encourage religious tolerance, freedom of belief and elimination of religious prejudice and presented the efforts of the Baha'i community in Tanzania to hold a day for all religions to pray for peace on November 9, 2005.[85]

In 2006 the Dar es Salaam Union Student Organization and the Bahá'í community of Tanzania sponsored a symposium which examined the theme "The Role of Family and Youth in Establishing Brighter Communities." The event was held on United Nations Day and placed a number people on panels to discuss issues - Baha'is, government officers, Christian NGO leaders, youth leaders, an author, and a university professor and similar groups were in the audience.[86]

The General Assembly of the United Nations, in its resolution 61/221 of 20 December 2006, (OP. 14) decided to convene in 2007 a high-level dialogue on interreligious and intercultural cooperation with formal and informal meetings. The President of the General Assembly appointed a Civil Society 'Task Force' to assist in the selection of participants and in identifying the sub-themes of the hearing. Bahá'ís were among the twenty speakers who represented a variety of cultural (all continents) and religious (Muslim, Christian, Jewish, Hindu, Jain, Baha'i) traditions.[87] The second panel discussion addressed the theme of "Best Practices and Strategies of Interreligious and Intercultural Cooperation Going Forward". The Representative of the Bahá'í International Community in Tanzania underscored that the freedom to hold belief of one's choosing and to change it, was an essential attribute of the human conscience, and recommended concrete strategies to overcome ignorance and fanaticism.[88]

Ruaha Secondary School

The Ruaha Secondary School, is a Bahá'í school run by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Tanzania.[8] Its development reaches back to 1985 when Bahá'í funds began the construction of the site,[72][73] that the town of Iringa had donated using bricks that were fired onsite.[8] With the approval of the Tanzanian Ministry of Education classes began on March 27, 1986. It added a year of school per year it was open aiming to include technical college level course work. By 1988 the school had 300 students. The curriculum, which is determined by the Ministry, includes English, Swahili, geography, history, agriculture, chemistry, physics, biology, political science, mathematics and religion - Christian, Islamic and Bahá'í studies included, by representatives of different religions.[9] Each student takes part in regularly scheduled activities in self-reliance such as carrying bricks, planting bananas, digging foundations, watering and weeding his own trees, etc. Several of the founding staff were pioneers to Tanzania - one from Iran, one from Lebanon, one from Australia, and three from America. There was also local staff hired as teachers. The school is affiliated with a local teacher training college and also provides services to the local community.

In 1992 a paper was presented examining implementing computer technologies in an African context.[89] In 1999 the school advertised for teachers and staff for Accounts/Computers and English/oral Education Teacher and was associated with the local Baha'i nursery school. It also advertised for Bahá'í Youth Year of Service opportunities.[90][91] It also received a two-year, US$122,000 grant to build a new girls' dormitory capable of housing 120 students. The grant, for 141,630 Euros, was given by the Unity Foundation, a Bahá'í-inspired development agency in Luxembourg. The first installment of the grant was sent in 2001.[92] The rest arrived by October 2002.[93]

One of the unique aspects to the school culture is the total absence of caning.[94] Instead the school emphasizes promoting virtues like patience, diligence, courtesy, trustworthiness, compassion and justice, while at the same time helping students developed the capacities, attitudes and skills - such as knowledge of appropriate agricultural techniques, computer literacy and basic commerce. The school also has a strong sense of mission when it comes to educating girls and proudly note its record of academic excellence. As part of the student government of the school, the Environmental Ambassadors project acts as a force in keeping the environment in pleasant condition. In every Form there are a number of Environmental Ambassadors chosen from volunteers.[95]

In more recent years it has had support from Mona Foundation.[96] A site master site plan was evolved with help from architect Ben Hufford, of Yost Grube Hall Architectural Firm in Portland, Oregon in February 2006. In August 2006 two trainers were sent to give a workshop for selected staff in the use of Microsoft Unlimited Potential curriculum. The foundation has contributed funds for construction of a boys' hostel (120 bed capacity), a kitchen/dry foods store, a water system (borehole well) and for purchase of a generator to provide electricity during outages.

Demographics

In 1993, just over 50 years from the start of the presence of the religion in the region, there were an estimated 223,000 Bahá'ís in East Africa and 1,268 Bahá'í local spiritual assemblies. Bahá'ís could be found in 508 localities, of which 191 have spiritual assemblies in Tanzania.[17] In 2000 - the World Christian Encyclopedia estimated some 140,600 Bahá'ís in Tanzania.[97] In 2005 Association of Religion Data Archives, based on World Christian Encyclopedia, estimated some 163,800, Bahá'ís (0.4% of the national population.)[10]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "News from Other Lands; Africa". Bahá'í News. No. 242. April 1951. p. 12.
  2. 1 2 Effendi, Shoghi. Unfolding Destiny (1981 ed.). Haifa, Palestine: UK Bahá'í Publishing Trust. p. 266.
  3. 1 2 3 "International News; Two New Territories Opened". Bahá'í News. No. 259. September 1952. p. 4.
  4. 1 2 Ahmadi, Dr. (2003). "Major events of the Century of Light". homepage for an online course on the book "Century of Light". Association for Bahá'í Studies in Southern Africa. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  5. 1 2 3 Compiled by Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land. "The Bahá'í Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá'í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963". pp. 25, 117, 118, 128.
  6. 1 2 3 Hassall, Graham. "Notes on Research on National Spiritual Assemblies". Research notes. Asia Pacific Bahá'í Studies. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  7. 1 2 "First National Spiritual Assembly of Tanzania". Bahá'í News. No. 409. April 1965. p. 8.
  8. 1 2 3 "Tanzania - Report on 'dynamic' Ruaha School". Bahá'í News. No. 689. August 1988. p. 13.
  9. 1 2 "Academics". Official Website of Ruaha Secondary School. Ruaha Secondary School. 2007. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
  10. 1 2 "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  11. ↑ Abbas, `Abdu'l-Bahá (April 1919). Tablets, Instructions and Words of Explanation. Mirza Ahmad Sohrab (trans. and comments).
  12. ↑ `Abdu'l-Bahá (1991) [1916-17]. Tablets of the Divine Plan (Paperback ed.). Wilmette, IL: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 47–59. ISBN 0-87743-233-3.
  13. ↑ `Abdu'l-Bahá (1991) [1916-17]. Tablets of the Divine Plan (Paperback ed.). Wilmette, IL: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 82–89. ISBN 0-87743-233-3.
  14. ↑ "Hand of Cause 'Amatu'I-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum Dedicates Mother Temple of Africa; Teaching Conference (section mentioning Tanganyika)". Bahá'í News. No. 361. April 1961. pp. 5–6.
  15. ↑ "Around the world; British Isles". Bahá'í News. No. 245. July 1951. p. 5.
  16. 1 2 "To the National Spiritual Assembly of Uganda…". Bahá'í News. No. 649. April 1985. p. 12.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 EAST AFRICA - Persian relations with the lands of the East African coast, particularly Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania.
  18. ↑ "International News; Persian Pioneers to Africa". Bahá'í News. No. 260. October 1952. p. 5.
  19. ↑ U.K. Bahá'í Heritage Site. "The Bahá'í Faith in the United Kingdom - A Brief History". Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
  20. ↑ "United States Africa Committee News". Bahá'í News. No. 251. January 1952. p. 9.
  21. ↑ "The Africa Teaching Campaign". Bahá'í News. No. 246. August 1951. p. 10.
  22. ↑ "Overview Of World Religions". General Essay on the Religions of Sub-Saharan Africa. Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  23. ↑ "International News; Africa". Bahá'í News. No. 258. August 1952. p. 8.
  24. ↑ National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of South Africa (1997). "Bahá'ís in South Africa - Progress of the Bahá'í Faith in South Africa since 1911". Official Website. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of South Africa. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
  25. 1 2 Universal House of Justice (1986). Bertha Mkhize - 1889-1981. The Bahá'í World. XVIII (Bahá'í World Centre). pp. 703–705, 711–713. ISBN 0-85398-234-1.
  26. ↑ "Report from Uganda". Bahá'í News. No. 280. June 1954. pp. 10–15.
  27. ↑ "National Spiritual Assembly; New Dehli Notes". Bahá'í News. No. 274. December 1953. pp. 2–3. ISSN 0195-9212.
  28. ↑ "World Crusade; Newsletter from Africa". Bahá'í News. No. 299. January 1956. pp. 2–3. ISSN 0195-9212.
  29. ↑ "Kampala Convention Elects Regional National Assembly of Central and East Africa". Bahá'í News. No. 305. July 1956. pp. 7–9. ISSN 0195-9212.
  30. ↑ "Schools stimulate growth of Faith". Bahá'í News. No. 317. July 1957. pp. 12–3. ISSN 0195-9212.
  31. ↑ "Around the World; Uganda". Bahá'í News. No. 611. February 1982. p. 16. ISSN 0195-9212.
  32. ↑ "Around the World; Uganda". Bahá'í News. No. 611. September 1957. p. 6. ISSN 0195-9212.
  33. ↑ "Two-Fold Increase of Baha'is, 60 Assemblies Achieved in Central and East Africa in Year". Bahá'í News. No. 346. December 1959. p. 6. ISSN 0195-9212.
  34. ↑ "Baha'is of 3 Central and East Afritan Areas Attend Teather Training Course in Kampala". Bahá'í News. No. 357. December 1960. p. 12. ISSN 0195-9212.
  35. ↑ "African Teaching Conferences were held…". Bahá'í News. No. 360. March 1961. p. 8. ISSN 0195-9212.
  36. ↑ "Hand of Cause 'Amatu'l-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum Dedicates Mother Temple of Africa". Bahá'í News. No. 361. April 1961. pp. 1–9.
  37. ↑ "Hand of Cause Visits African Villages". Bahá'í News. No. 362. May 1961. pp. 6–9. ISSN 0195-9212.
  38. ↑ Rabbani, Ruhiyyih (Ed.) (1992). The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963. Bahá'í World Centre. pp. 344–5, 374. ISBN 0-85398-350-X.
  39. ↑ "Hand of Cause Spurs Mass Conversion In Central and East Africa; Tanganyika". Bahá'í News. No. 384. March 1963. p. 7.
  40. ↑ "First Convention of Tanganyika and Zanzibar Brings New Awareness". Bahá'í News. No. 404. March 1963. p. 3.
  41. ↑ "The Baha'i assembly of Karachi, Pakistan…". Bahá'í News. No. 444. March 1968. p. 6.
  42. ↑ "The national Hazíratu'I-Quds of Tanzania…". Bahá'í News. No. 446. May 1968. p. 10.
  43. ↑ "Fourth annual convention…". Bahá'í News. No. 452. November 1968. p. 17.
  44. ↑ "News Briefs". Bahá'í News. No. 460. July 1969. p. 16.
  45. ↑ "'Amatu'l-Bahá Ruhíyyíh Khanum tours Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia". Bahá'í News. No. 468. March 1979. pp. 1–7.
  46. ↑ "Proclamation in Arusha, Tanzania". Bahá'í News. No. 496. August 1972. p. 24.
  47. ↑ "Concluding United Notions Day and Human Rights Day Reports of 1972; Reports from Spain, Singapore, Swaziland and Tanzania". Bahá'í News. No. 507. June 1973. pp. 14–15.
  48. ↑ "A Pioneer from India In Tanzania". Bahá'í News. No. 504. March 1973. p. 11.
  49. ↑ "Bahá'í classes". Bahá'í News. No. 506. May 1973. pp. 21–22.
  50. ↑ "The end of the Great Safari". Bahá'í News. No. 506. December 1973. pp. 17–20.
  51. ↑ "Bahá'ís meet Tolbert". Bahá'í News. No. 506. October 1973. p. 17.
  52. ↑ "Tanzanian Exhibition". Bahá'í News. No. 514. January 1974. p. 21.
  53. ↑ "Bahá'í Classes". Bahá'í News. No. 506. December 1973. p. 14.
  54. ↑ MacEoin, Denis; William Collins. "The Babi and Baha'i Religions: An Annotated Bibliography Principles (Listings)". The Babi and Baha'i Religions: An Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood Press's ongoing series of Bibliographies and Indexes in Religious Studies. Entry #98. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  55. ↑ "International Conference in Nairobi, Kenya, October 14–17". Bahá'í News. No. 544. July 1976. p. 4.
  56. ↑ "Prayers published in Chiyao language". Bahá'í News. No. 544. July 1976. p. 15.
  57. 1 2 "Around the World; Baha'I volume given to prime minister". Bahá'í News. No. 544. July 1976. p. 15.
  58. ↑ Francis, N. Richard (1998). "Enoch Olinga - Hand of the Cause of God, Father of Victories". Bahá'í Faith Website of Reno, Nevada.
  59. ↑ "A sacrifice to fidelity- The senseless, brutal slayings of Enoch Olinga, his wife and children". Bahá'í News. No. 590. May 1980. pp. 2–7.
  60. ↑ "Statistical update - Mobile Teaching Institutes". Bahá'í News. No. 664. July 1986. p. 6.
  61. ↑ "Special report - The International Year of Peace; Tanzania". Bahá'í News. No. 678. September 1987. p. 12.
  62. ↑ "Special report - The International Year of Peace; Tanzania". Bahá'í News. No. 688. July 1988. p. 14.
  63. ↑ "The World; Tanzania". Bahá'í News. No. 688. July 1988. p. 17.
  64. ↑ "The World; Tanzania". Bahá'í News. No. 691. October 1988. p. 19.
  65. ↑ "The World; Tanzania". Bahá'í News. No. 697. May 1989. p. 17.
  66. 1 2 Momen, Moojan. "History of the Baha'i Faith in Iran". draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith". Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  67. ↑ Kingdon, Geeta Gandhi (1997). "Education of women and socio-economic development". Baha'i Studies Review 7 (1).
  68. ↑ "Baha'i communities around the world strive to carry out Baha'i Teachings prohibiting use of drugs, alcohol". Bahá'í News. No. 582. September 1979. pp. 8–9.
  69. ↑ Momen, Moojan; Smith, Peter (1989). "The Baha'i Faith 1957–1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments". Religion 19: 63–91. doi:10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8.
  70. ↑ "Sustainable Development". Interns@BIC. Bahá'í International Community. April 30, 2010. Archived from the original on 11 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
  71. ↑ Activities in the Bahá'í World Community to Improve the Status of Women during the United Nations Decade for Women Nairobi, Kenya: Bahá'í International Community, 1985-07-15
  72. 1 2 "Social/economic development - Number of projects growing rapidly; Tanzania (section mentioning Tanzania)". Bahá'í News. No. 660. March 1986. p. 6.
  73. 1 2 "A look at programs around the world - Development - Africa". Bahá'í News. No. 685. April 1988. p. 2.
  74. ↑ "The World; Swaziland". Bahá'í News. No. 660. July 1989. p. 15. ISSN 0195-9212.
  75. ↑ McCombs, Audrey D. (March 13, 1999). "Spiritual Food - The Baha'i 19 days of fasting underway". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
  76. ↑ "Kimia Newsletter - Tanzania". Regional Newsletters. www.ruhiresources.org. May 2, 2006. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  77. ↑ "Clusters and the Institute Process: Work for the Tutors!" (PDF). Kimia (National Institute of Tanzania). November 2001. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  78. ↑ "Suggestions to the Tutors: Teaching Activities in the Study Circle" (PDF). Kimia (National Institute of Tanzania). March 2002. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  79. ↑ "Major responsibilities of the tutor during the Five Year Plan and Beyond..." (PDF). Kimia (National Institute of Tanzania). June 2002. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  80. ↑ "Institute Campaigns Increasing our Pyramid Development Quickly..." (PDF). Kimia (National Institute of Tanzania). September 2002. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  81. ↑ "Service during and after the study circle (and) An Institute Campaign for non-Bahá’ís" (PDF). Kimia (National Institute of Tanzania). February 2003. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  82. ↑ "Case Study: Nyaruyoba (and) Some of the goals for the National Institute Board, 2003-4" (PDF). Kimia (National Institute of Tanzania). February 2003. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  83. ↑ "Worldwide, the Baha'i community issues an appeal for religious tolerance". One Country (Bahá'í International Community) 14 (01). April–June 2002. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  84. ↑ Dr. Kimambo, Adeline (27 October 2007). "Cooperative Agreement No. GHN-A-00-07-00012-00" (pdf). The Malaria Communities Program (MCP). Christian Social Services Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  85. ↑ Gervais, Marie (22 February 2008). "Baha'i Faith and Peace Education". ARTICLES. Encyclopedia of Peace Education. Online. Teachers College, Columbia University. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  86. ↑ "Families and youth identified as keys to reducing poverty". Bahá'í World News (Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Bahá'í International Community). 1 November 2006. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  87. ↑ "High-level Dialogue on Interreligious and Intercultural Understanding and Cooperation for Peace". Report of the President of the General Assembly of the United Nations (Office of the President of the General Assembly of the United Nations). Summary of the Informal Interactive Hearing with Civil Society. 14 November 2007. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
  88. ↑ Baha'i International Community (4–5 October 2007). "Best Practices & Strategies for Interreligious and Intercultural Cooperation Going Forward". Informal Interactive Hearing with Civil Society. Bahá'í Academic Library. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
  89. ↑ Alastruey, C.F. (22–24 September 1992). "Bahá'í approach to the education in technology in Africa". AFRICON '92 Proceedings., 3rd AFRICON Conference. Ezulwini Valley. pp. 17–20. doi:10.1109/AFRCON.1992.624408. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  90. ↑ Welcome to the UK Committee for International Pioneering & Travel Teaching (CIPTT) UK Committee for International Pioneering and Travel Teaching
  91. ↑ "Teen spirit? Young Baha'is give it a twist of faith". Official Website of the Bahá'ís of the United States. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States. September 24, 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
  92. ↑ "Tanzanian Baha'i school receives grant for new girls dorm". Bahá'í World News Service (Iringa, Tanzania: Bahá'í International Community). 19 December 2001. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
  93. ↑ "Construction of Girl's Hostel, Ruaha Secondary School, Tanzania". Unityfoundation. October 2002. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
  94. ↑ In Tanzania, a school with a mission: to uplift girls and promote spiritual values Volume 12, Issue 3 / October–December 2000
  95. ↑ "Ruaha Secondary School :Programs". Projects we support. Mona Foundation. 2010. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  96. ↑ "Ruaha School collaborates closely". Official Website of Ruaha Secondary Schools. Ruaha Secondary School. 2007. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
  97. ↑ "Top 20 Largest National Baha'i Populations". Adherents.com. Adherents.com. 2008. Archived from the original on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-15.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, January 25, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.