Baiju Bawra (film)

Baiju Bawra

Theatrical release poster
Directed by Vijay Bhatt
Produced by Prakash Pictures
Written by Zia Sarhadi (dialogues)
Screenplay by R. S. Choudhury
Story by Ramchandra Thakur
Starring Meena Kumari
Bharat Bhushan
Music by Naushad
Shakeel Badayuni (lyrics)
Cinematography V. N. Reddy
Edited by Pratap Dave
Release dates
 1952
Country India
Language Hindi

Baiju Bawra is a 1952 Hindi film directed by Vijay Bhatt. Produced by Prakash Pictures, with story by Ramchandra Thakur and dialogues by Zia Sarhadi, Baiju Bawra was a musical "megahit".[1] Bhatt's decision to make a film based on classical music was met with scepticism by the Indian film industry due to its "lack of mass appeal", but the film and music turned out be an "overwhelming success".[2] The film's music director was Naushad, who had become popular giving folk-based music in films like Rattan, Anmol Ghadi, Shahjehan (1946) and Deedar (1951). With Bhatt's Baiju Bawra, Naushad introduced classical component in Hindi film songs.[3] The soundtrack based on light classical ragas, made use of folk, thumri or dadra, with a stronger raga used in the last contest song between Tansen and Baiju.[4] The lyricist was Shakeel Badayuni, a Naushad discovery. For Baiju Bawra, he had to forgo Urdu, and write lyrics in pure Hindi, with songs like the bhajan, "Man Tadpat Hari Darshan Ko Aaj", becoming popular.[5]

The film starred Bharat Bhushan as Baiju, with Meena Kumari playing his love interest Gauri. Meena made her acting debut in Bhatt's Leatherface (1939) as a seven-year-old. Surendra portrayed Tansen, one of the Navratans (music) in Akbar's court. Kuldip Kaur played the role of the dacoit queen Roopmati.[6] The rest of the cast included Bipin Gupta, Manmohan Krishna, B. V. Vyas and Baby Tabassum.

The film merges the legend of Baiju Bawra with the historic setting of Mughal Emperor Akbar's court in India.[7] Baiju (Bhushan) is the son of a musician who also grows up to be a musician. He comes to believe that Tansen, the famed musician at the court of Akbar, is responsible for his father's death. The movie then follows Baiju's attempt to avenge his father's death by challenging Tansen to a musical duel.

Even though there were many changes in the storyline from the original life of Baiju Bawra, the film was both a commercial and critical success and catapulted both its lead actors into stardom. Meena Kumari went on to win the first-ever Filmfare Best Actress Award in 1954, the first of four Best Actress trophies she won in her career.[8] The film's music director, Naushad, also received the inaugural Filmfare Best Music Director Award for the song "Tu Ganga Ki Mauj"; this was Naushad's first and only Filmfare Award win.

Plot

Tansen is known to be the greatest classical vocalist ever to have existed in India, and was one of the nine jewels (Navaratnas) of Emperor Akbar's court. Nobody could sing in the city unless he or she could sing better than Tansen. If this was not the case, he or she was executed. Baiju Bawra is the story of an unknown singer, Baiju, who is on a mission to defeat Tansen in a musical duel to avenge the death of his father.

When Baiju is still a child, Tansen's sentry tries to stop Baiju's father from singing, and in the ensuing scuffle, his father dies. Before dying, he extracts a promise from his son to take revenge against Tansen. Baiju gets shelter from a village priest and while growing up, falls in love with Gauri, the daughter of a boatman. He continues his musical education on his own, but gets so enamoured by Gauri's love that he forgets the promise made to his father.

Later, a group of dacoits raid Baiju's village. With his song, Baiju persuades them against looting the village, but the female leader of the dacoits falls in love with him and asks him to follow them to their fort as a condition for their sparing the village. Baiju leaves with her, leaving the wailing Gauri behind. In the fort, the dacoit leader, who is actually a princess living in exile, tells Baiju how her father's serfdom had been usurped and she was seeking revenge because the village too previously belonged to her father. The word "revenge" brings all of Baiju's memories back; he leaves the fort greatly agitated, and the princess does not try to stop him.

Baiju sneaks into the Mughal palace, where Tansen is singing. He is dumbstruck by the way Tansen sings, and the sword that was supposed to cut the maestro's throat fell on the tanpura, saddening Tansen. He said he could only be killed by music, and the pain that accompanies it. "Dip your notes in melancholy and I'll die on my own," he said. Baiju accordingly leaves the palace to learn "real" music.

Baiju remembers that when his father was killed, he was taking Baiju to Swami Haridas. He goes to see the Swami himself and asks for his guidance, informing him of his plan to take revenge against Tansen. Haridas tells Baiju that one must be in love to be a true musician, and thus Baiju must rid himself of all the hatred in his heart, but still gives him a vina and accepts him as his disciple. Baiju again starts his musical training, spending all his time in a Shiva temple, but his vengeful feelings never leave him. Nonetheless, he still reveres his guru, Haridas. After learning that his teacher had fallen seriously ill and was unable to walk, Baiju sings a song that so thrills Haridas that the master gets out of his bed and starts to walk.

Gauri, meanwhile, is so distraught over Baiju's departure that she is about to swallow poison. At that point, the princess who had taken Baiju from the village comes to her and tells her that she knows of Baiju's whereabouts. Gauri meets Baiju and tries to convince him to return to the village so they can be married; Baiju, however, refuses, as he feels he must take revenge against Tansen. At this point, Haridas arrives, and Baiju goes to receive him, once again leaving a crying Gauri behind. Haridas tells Baiju that to be a true singer, he has to feel real pain. Hearing this, Gauri decides to make a venomous snake bite her, thinking that her death would bring enough grief to Baiju that he would defeat Tansen. Baiju sees Gauri's lifeless body and goes mad, with the princess' attempts to get through to him being futile. Baiju instead goes to the Shiva temple and sings a heart-wrenching song condemning the God who had consigned him to his fate; even the idol of Lord Shiva sheds tears at Baiju's grief.

In his delirious state, Baiju reaches Tansen's city, singing the whole way. The residents fear for his life and call him bawra (insane), hence the title of the movie. Baiju is caught and imprisoned, but the princess frees him. However, both of them are caught by Mughal soldiers when escaping, leaving a musical duel with Tansen as the only way to save his life.

Emperor Akbar himself witnesses the competition. For a long time, both the singers prove to be equally good. Then Akbar suggests that whoever could melt a marble slab with his singing would win the duel. Baiju manages to do so and wins the competition, saving his own life and finally avenging his father's death. Tansen accepts his defeat graciously, and is in fact happy that there is someone better than him. Baiju persuades Akbar to spare Tansen's life, to return the princess' land to her, and to allow music in the streets.

After winning the musical duel, Baiju departs from the court. Emperor Akbar is unhappy to see him go and asks Tansen to sing to produce a storm and floods to make him stay. Tansen sings raga Megh and the river Yamuna floods. (This scene was cut from the final film.)

Gauri's father was deeply upset when he couldn't locate Baiju. The entire village was by now making fun of Gauri's and Baiju's love affair. Her father warned either Baiju be found, or Gauri should marry a village money-lender and in case she refused, he would commit suicide. Gauri couldn't divulge Baiju's whereabouts because she didn't want him to know that she was alive. So she agreed to marry the money-lender.

Baiju came to meet her while she was getting married, but he was on the other side of Yamuna River and the river was in flood. The boatman refused to take him to the other side. Despite not knowing how to swim, Baiju pushed the boat into the raging waters and started towing it. He started singing and Gauri heard it. She started running towards the bank and everybody ran behind her. When she saw Baiju struggling with the boat, since she knew how to swim, being a boatman's daughter, she jumped into the water to rescue Baiju. The boat toppled over and after a lot of struggle Gauri reached him. He urged her to go back and leave him because she knew how to swim and he didn't. Gauri replied that they had promised to be together in life and in death, and she would be content with dying with him. They both drown.

Cast

Production

Story and location

Vijay Bhatt had earlier made religious classics ike Bharat Milap (1942) and Ram Rajya (1943), with Ram Rajya being the only film Mahatma Gandhi watched.[9] Bhatt's interest in literature and music, compelled him to make a film about Tansen and the folk-legend singer Baiju Bawra as the main focus. A revenge theme was brought in with a love story and some comic interludes. Emphasis was also laid on the Guru-shishya tradition concentrating on the bond between Baiju and his Guru Swami Haridas, who was also Tansen's Guru.[6]

Bhatt's decision to make a film based on Indian classical music was met with scepticism by the film industry due to its "lack of mass appeal", with his friends referring to him as "Viju Bawra" (Viju Crazy/Insane). Vijay Bhatt was the first to use two "classical giants on a common platform for path-breaking duets" twice. Ustad Amir Khan with Pandit D. V. Paluskar in Baiju Bawra and shehnai maestro Ustad Bismillah Khan and the innovative sitar player, Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan in Goonj Uthi Shehnai.[2]

The film was shot at Prakash Pictures studio at Andheri East in Bombay. According to Ayaz, nobody working on the sets "felt that they were working on a film that would become a milestone". The song sequence of "Tu Ganga ki Mauj" was shot at a river in Panvel, near Bombay. The film took a year for completion.[6]

Casting

The original choice for the cast were Dilip Kumar as Baiju and Nargis as Gauri. Bhatt's option for Bharat Bhushan and Meena Kumari in the main roles was a matter of financial deliberation and continuity of dates required for the shooting.[6]

Meena Kumari, then called Mehajabeen Naaz, started her acting career at the age of seven in Vijay Bhatt's film Leatherface (1939). Her name was changed by Bhatt to Baby Meena.[10] She acted in several films as a child star including Bhatt's Ek Hi Bhool (1940). Meena Kumari's first adult role was in Bachchon Ka Khel (Child’s Play) (1946) directed by Raja Nene. Filmindia in the June 1946 issue, commented on her appearance "Meena Kumari, up till recently a 'baby,' now plays the charming heroine of the story".[11] Several socials, mythologicals and fantasy films followed. In 1952, Meena Kumari "shot into stardom" following the release of Baiju Bawra.[12] Kumari received her first Filmfare Award for the film. The category for Best Actress was introduced by the Filmfare Awards Committee for the first time that year.[13]

Bharat Bhushan in Baiju Bawra

Bharat Bhushan began his career in Kidar Sharma's film Chitralekha (1941) made in Calcutta. After some supporting roles, he was cast in Sohag Raat (1948) opposite Geeta Bali and Begum Para, and in Devendra Goel's Aankhein (1951). His career as a tragic hero ran parallel with that of Dilip Kumar in the 1950s, but he lacked the "intensity and charisma" of Kumar.[14] However, his "mellow looks matched by a soft voice" had the compassion required to depict sympathetic roles, with his forte being a "sensitive, suffering poet-musician" in several hit musicals like Baiju Bawra, Mirza Ghalib (1954), Basant Bahar (1956), Barsaat Ki Raat (1960) and Sangeet Samrat Tansen (1962).[15] Signed by Bhatt for Baiju Bawra, his "unruly mop and simple demeanour" established him as a star and "crystallised Bhushan’s image as an actor of 'note'". The pathos required of his role was acclaimed by critics as well as audiences, as were the singing sequences of classical raga-based songs in Mohammad Rafi's voice.[16] Bhushan remains most famous for his acting in Baiju Bawra.[17] Bhatt and Bhushan worked again the following year in Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1953), for which Bhushan received the Filmfare Best Actor Award.[15]

Surendra, a popular leading actor of the 1930s and 1940s, turned to character roles in the 50s. The character of Tansen in Baiju Bawra was a career-reviving role for him.[18] One of the "greatest" highlights of the film was the music-singing competition (jugalbandi) between the court musician Tansen and Baiju.[19] Surendra had sung his own songs in his early career, however, he had to lip-sync to Ustad Amir Khan for the song "Ghanana Ghanana Kar Barso Re" in raga Malhar, while the song sequence between Tansen and Baiju had Ustad Amir Khan and D. V. Paluskar providing playback singing for them.[4] He played the role of Tansen in three films, Baiju Bawra, Rani Roopmati (1957) and Mughal-E-Azam (1960).[14]

Kuldip Kaur was known for her negative characters and cited as Indian cinema's "most polished vamps".[20] Starting her career with a Punjabi film Chaman (1948), she went on to portray female villain roles in several films. Her role as the "strong dacoit queen" who lures Baiju away from his village made a "major impact" and was critically acclaimed.[21]

Music

Naushad, had come into prominence following his fourth film Station Master (1942), a Bhatt film production. The box-office success of Station Master helped Naushad showcase his talent and become popular. Naushad at this time was under contract to A. R. Kardar who had allowed him to score music for other companies.[22]

Bhatt brought in Naushad to give music for Baiju Bawra because of his expertise in classical music. The two worked together along with Bhatt's older brother Shankar for six months. Shankar was "opposed" to the idea of a Hindi film filled with ragas as he feared it would drive the audiences away. But Naushad and Bhatt were adamant to change “public taste” in film music and in Naushad’s words "it worked".[6] Naushad's use of classical music in Baiju Bawra helped it become one of the top ten films of the 1950s and is "remembered mostly for its music".[1] The bandish in raga Desi between Amir Khan and D. V. Paluskar, and Khan's "Tori Jai Jai Kar" in raga Marwah constituted the highlights of the film. However, the solos by Mohammed Rafi "Man Tadpat Hari Darshan Ko Aaj" in raga Malkauns, "O Duniya Ke Rakhwale" in raga Darbari, "Tu Ganga Ki Mauj" in raga Bhairavi and "Insan Bano" in raga Todi are cited as the "real treasures".[23] His composition in the film is cited as the first use of classical medium by Naushad, but he had based a large number of his songs on Indian rāgas.[24] In Shahjehan (1946) he had composed three classical based tunes for K. L. Saigal, known to be a prominent classical singer. He did the same in Mela 1948 and Deedar 1951.[23]

Soundtrack

Baiju Bawra
Soundtrack album by Naushad
Released 1952
Genre Feature film soundtrack
Naushad chronology
Aan
(1952)		 Baiju Bawra
(1952)		 Deewana
(1952)

The plot centred around music, so it was a necessity that the movie's soundtrack be outstanding. Renowned Bollywood music director Naushad and lyricist Shakeel Badayuni created memorable songs for the movie, with all but one being based on Hindustani classical melodies (ragas). Esteemed playback singers Mohammad Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar, and Shamshad Begum, and renowned classical vocalists Amir Khan and D. V. Paluskar lent their voices to the score.

Amir Khan was a consultant for the music. The result was a critically acclaimed movie soundtrack. Famous songs from the movie include "O Duniya Ke Rakhwale" (based on Raga Darbari), "Tu Ganga Ki Mouj" (based on Raga Bhairavi), "Mohe Bhool Gaye Sanwariya" (based on Raga Bhairav with traces of Raga Kalingda), "Man Tarpat Hari Darshan Ko Aaj" (based on Raga Malkauns), "Aaj Gaawat Man Mero" (Raga Desi), and Jhoole Mein Pawan Ki Aayi Bahar (based on Raga Pilu). Naushad won the Filmfare Award for Best Music Director, his first and only win.

The film also established Mohammad Rafi as the top playback singer in Hindi films, a position he held until the late '60s. The songs Rafi sang for the film, including "Man Tarpat Hari Darshan Ko Aaj" and the most famous "O Duniya Ke Rakhwale", went on to become smash hits.

All lyrics written by Shakeel Badayuni, all music composed by Naushad.

No. TitleSinger(s) Length
1. "Tu Ganga Ki Mauj" (Raga Bhairavi)Mohammad Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar  
2. "Aaj Gawat Man Mero Jhoomke" (Raga Deshi)Ustad Amir Khan, D. V. Paluskar  
3. "O Duniya Ke Rakhwale" (Raga Darbari)Mohammad Rafi  
4. "Door Koi Gaye" (Raga Desh)Lata Mangeshkar, Shamshad Begum & chorus  
5. "Mohe Bhool Gaye Sanwariya" (Raga Bhairav with traces of Raga Kalingda)Lata Mangeshkar  
6. "Jhoole Mein Pawan Ki Aai Bahar" (Raga Pilu)Mohammad Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar  
7. "Man Tarpat Hari Darsan Ko Aaj" (Raga Malkauns)Mohammad Rafi  
8. "Bachpan Ki Muhabbat" (Based on Maand)Lata Mangeshkar  
9. "Insaan Bano" (Raga Todi)Mohammad Rafi  
10. "Tori Jai Jai Kartar" (Raga Puriya Dhanashree)Ustad Amir Khan  
11. "Langar Kankariya Ji Na Maro" (Raga Todi)Ustad Amir Khan, D. V. Paluskar  
12. "Ghanana Ghanana Ghana Garjo Re" (Raga Megh)Ustad Amir Khan  
13. "Sargam" (Raga Darbari)Ustad Amir Khan  

Awards

Award & Category Artist Status Notes
Best Actress Meena Kumari Won
Best Music Director Naushad Won for song Tu Ganga Ki Mauj

Remake

A remake of the film was announced on November 2010. It will be written, directed and produced by American-Indian writer Krishna Shah. Aamir Khan has been approached to do the role of Baiju Bawra. A. R. Rahman has been roped in as the music director. The film is currently in pre-production.[25]

References

  1. 1 2 Ashish Rajadhyaksha; Paul Willemen (10 July 2014). "Baiju Bawra (1952)". Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Routledge. pp. 325–. ISBN 978-1-135-94318-9. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  2. 1 2 Iyengar, Krishnaraj Iyengar (30 July 2015). "The Classical Connection". The Hindu. The Hindu. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  3. ↑ Ganesh Anantharaman (January 2008). "Part I-First Generation Composers-The Pioneers-Naushad Ali". Bollywood Melodies: A History of the Hindi Film Song. Penguin Books India. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-14-306340-7. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  4. 1 2 K. Moti Gokulsing; Wimal Dissanayake (17 April 2013). "Music in mainstream Indian cinema by Premendra Mazumder". Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas. Routledge. pp. 260–. ISBN 978-1-136-77284-9. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  5. ↑ Anantharaman2008, p. 111
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Ayaz, Shaikh. "Sixty Years of Baiju Bawra". openthemagazine.com. Open Media Network Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  7. ↑ Sumita S. Chakravarty (18 May 2011). National Identity in Indian Popular Cinema, 1947-1987. University of Texas Press. pp. 168–. ISBN 978-0-292-78985-2. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  8. ↑ Romancing The Reel
  9. ↑ Freek L. Bakker (2009). The Challenge of the Silver Screen: An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad. BRILL. pp. 96–. ISBN 90-04-16861-3. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  10. ↑ Ausaja, S M M. "Romancing The Reel". archive.tehelka.com. Anant Media Pvt. Ltd. Tehelka.com. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  11. ↑ Baburao, Patel (June 1946). "Pictures in the Making". Filmindia 12 (6): 70. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  12. ↑ Gouri Srivastava (1 January 2006). "Meena Kumari". Women Role Models: Some Eminent Women of Contemporary India. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 63–. ISBN 978-81-8069-336-6. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  13. ↑ Pathak, Pauravi Bhatt. "Vijay Bhatt The Man The Legend". vijaybhatt.net. Pauravi Bhatt Pathak. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  14. 1 2 Ashok Raj (1 November 2009). Hero Vol.1. Hay House, Inc. pp. 224–. ISBN 978-93-81398-02-9. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  15. 1 2 Gulazāra; Saibal Chatterjee (2003). "Bharat Bhushan". Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema. Popular Prakashan. p. 533. ISBN 978-81-7991-066-5. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  16. ↑ Dinesh, Dinesh. "Bharat Bhushan, The tragic hero". rediff.com. rediff.com. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  17. ↑ Renu Saran (25 February 2014). "Bharat Bhushan". Encyclopedia of Bollywood–Film Actors. Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd. pp. 29–. ISBN 978-93-5083-690-3. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  18. ↑ Tilak Rishi (2012). Bless You Bollywood!: A Tribute to Hindi Cinema on Completing 100 Years. Trafford Publishing. pp. 37–. ISBN 978-1-4669-3963-9. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  19. ↑ Rachel Dwyer (1 December 2005). 100 Bollywood Films. Roli Books Pvt. Ltd. pp. 35–. ISBN 978-81-7436-990-1. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  20. ↑ Patel, Sushila Rani Baburao (1952). Stars of the Indian Screen. India: Parker and Sons. p. 23.
  21. ↑ Bali, Karan. "Kuldip Kaur". upperstall.com. The Rest. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  22. ↑ Raju Bharatan (1 August 2013). "The First Footfalls Of Musical Stardom". Naushadnama: The Life and Music of Naushad. Hay House, Inc. p. 24. ISBN 978-93-81398-63-0. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  23. 1 2 Anantharaman2008, p. 32
  24. ↑ Jayson Beaster-Jones (9 October 2014). "Bollywood Sounds". Bollywood Sounds: The Cosmopolitan Mediations of Hindi Film Song. Oxford University Press. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-0-19-999348-2. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  25. ↑ "Aamir offered the lead in Baiju Bawra remake". Asianage. Retrieved 14 November 2010.

External links

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