Cup-and-ball
 French bilboquet | |
| Age range | 2+ |
|---|---|
| Playing time | About 45 seconds to a few minutes per round |
| Random chance | Low |
| Skill(s) required | Hand-eye coordination |
Cup-and-ball (or ball in a cup) or ring and pin is a traditional children's toy. It is generally a wooden handle, to which a small ball is attached by a string, and which has one or two cups, or a spike, upon which the player tries to catch the ball. It is popular in Spanish-speaking countries, where it is called by a wide number of names (including boliche in Spain and balero in most of Latin America), and was historically popular in France as the bilboquet. A similar toy with three cups and a spike called kendama is very popular in Japan and has spread globally in popularity.
History
The game was created in the 17th century and has been improved in different ways since then.
Americas
In North America, the game was both a child's toy and a gambling mechanism for adults, and involved catching a ring rather than a ball. In some Native American tribes it was even a courtship device, where suitors would challenge the objects of their interest to a polite game of ring and pin. The Mohave variant of the game included up to 17 extra rings attached to the cord, and game scoring involved differing point values assigned to different rings.[1] Other variants include those played by the Inuit of what is now Labrador, with a rabbit's skull in place of the ball, with extra holes bored into it, which had to be caught on the handle like a skewer; and those that used balls of grass or animal hair.[1] Ring and pin games in general were known as ajagak, ayagak, ajaquktuk in Inuit dialects.[2]
France
The cup-and-ball is noted in France as early as the sixteenth century.[1] The game was played by King Henry III of France as historical records note, though his playing was considered evidence of his mental instability.[3] After his death, the game went out of fashion, and for a century the game was only remembered by a small number of enthusiasts such as the Marquis de Biévre.[4]
The game had its golden age during the reign of Louis XV — among the upper classes people owned baleros made of ivory. Actors also sometimes appeared with them in scenes. The game was very popular in the 18th and 19th centuries. Jean-Jacques Rousseau mentions the game early in his Confessions when stating his reservations about idle talk and hands, saying "If ever I went back into society I should carry a cup-and-ball in my pocket, and play with it all day long to excuse myself from speaking when I had nothing to say."[5]
Iberian world
The game is very popular in the Spanish and Portuguese diaspora, often known as boliche. The name varies across many countries — in El Salvador and Guatemala it is called capirucho; in Argentina, Ecuador, Colombia, and Mexico it is called balero; in Spain it is boliche; in Portugal and Brazil it is called bilboquê; in Chile it is emboque; in Colombia it is called coca; and in Venezuela the game is called perinola.[6]
In 1960, American lexicographer Charles Keilus (1919-1997) documented the term zingo paya for a cup-and-ball game in Tijuana, Mexico, and formed the Zingo Paya Society in Los Angeles to promote the toy and its collection.[7]
England
This game was also popular in England during the early 19th century, as Jane Austen is reputed to have excelled while entertaining her brother's son in a game called Bilbo Catcher.
There is one picture at the National Portrait Gallery of a young girl playing the game. It appears to be a copy of a painting from Philip Mercier although I have been unable to find the original painting.[8] Unlike other 18th century toys which often repeatedly are found in artwork cup and ball games are rare with only two known pictures one copied from the other.
Japan
The game of kendama is believed to have arrived in Japan in the 18th century, and the game underwent significant modernization and standardization in the early 20th century, becoming internationally popular in the 21st century.
Gameplay
The main goal of the game is to get the ball into the cup. While the concept is very easy, mastering the game sometimes requires many hours of practice. To play, the player holds the cup by the handle and lets the ball hang freely. The player then tosses the ball upward by jerking the arm holding the toy, attempting to catch the ball in the cup. If they succeed at getting the ball in the cup, they get one point. They then do it again and again to see how many points they can get in a row. If the person misses, they then have to start over with zero points.
There are several styles of gameplay in the Latin world such as la simple, la doble, la vertical, la mariquita, la puñalada, and la porteña. Some tricks that can be done are capirucho, por atrás, and media vuelta.[6]
References
- 1 2 3 Andrew Leibs (2004). Sports and Games of the Renaissance. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 84,147–148. ISBN 0-313-32772-6.
- ↑ Kendall Blanchard (1 January 1995). The Anthropology of Sport: An Introduction. ABC-CLIO. pp. 148–. ISBN 978-0-89789-330-5.
- ↑ Martha Walker Freer (1888). Henry III, King of France and Poland: His Court and Times. From Numerous Unpublished Sources, Including Ms. Documents in the Bibliotheque Impériale, and the Archives of France and Italy, Etc. Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 10. - "it is lamentable to read of the pitiful imbecility which could induce the king, the day following his indignant protest, to sally forth from the Louvre at the head of a disorderly troop, and to parade the streets of the capital playing with a cup-and-ball.
- ↑ The Strand Magazine. G. Newnes. 1907. p. 464.
- ↑ Rousseau, John Jacques. The Confessions of J. J. Rousseau. Project Gutenberg: Privately Printed for the Members of the Aldus Society London, 1903. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
- 1 2 Civila. "El balero" (in Spanish). Open Publishing. Retrieved 3 September 2008.
- ↑ "The Zingo Paya Society". zingopaya.com. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ↑ "NPG D5676; Charlotte Mercier ('Miss playing with Cup and Ball') - Portrait - National Portrait Gallery". npg.org.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2016.