Valtazar Bogišić

Valtazar Bogišić
Born (1834-12-20)20 December 1834
Cavtat, Kingdom of Dalmatia, Austrian Empire
Died 24 April 1908(1908-04-24) (aged 73)
Fiume, Austria-Hungary
Occupation jurist, sociologist
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Valtazar Bogišić (also known as Baltazar Bogišić;[1] 20 December 1834 – 24 April 1908) was a Croatian[2][3][4] jurist and a pioneer in sociology.

In the domain of private law his most notable research was on family structure and the unique Montenegrin civil code of 1888. He is considered to be a pioneer in the sociology of law and sociological jurisprudence. He was also a follower of the German Historical School of law, and may be considered as a transitional figure between the Historical School and sociological approaches to law.[5] In 1902 Bogisic was elected president of the International Institute of Sociology in Paris.

Valtazar Bogišić by Vlaho Bukovac, 1892

Early life

Bogišić's family was a prominent merchant family in Cavtat, a small coastal town near Dubrovnik. His grandfather moved to Cavtat from a nearby inland, from a village called Mrcine in Konavle where the Bogišić clan had lived for centuries after converting from Eastern Orthodoxy to Roman Catholicism in the 15th century.[6]

Bogišić was born in Cavtat on the 20th of December 1834. His mother died giving birth to his sister Marija, his only sibling, two years later. His father wanted him to continue his family business and thought that prolonged schooling would interfere with that.

When he was four years old he was sent to a private girls' school, the only private school in town, because only six-year-olds could enter a public school. He latter entered state accredited school which he left before graduating. Subsequently, when he was 11 he finished a two-year nautical school. He was four to five years younger than all other graduates.

The most significant person in his childhood was his grandfather Valtazar Bogišić Senior. At the time he was already blind and told him a lot of folk stories as well as about his adventures on the sea, traveling, meeting important people like Miloš Obrenović and authorized his grandson to run his errands and even simple court cases. In his last will his grandfather left Bogišić half of his estate. With no proper formal education, Bogišić was buying a lot of books. When his father didin't give him money he would get it from his grandfather. Among his favorites were the ones by a Serbian reformer Vuk Stefanović Karadžić. Inspired by Vuk, his lifelong model, he started searching for and writing down Serbian folk poems.[7]

After a lot of persuasion and a sea accident, his father allowed him to enter 4-year grammar school (Progymnasium) with a condition not to take final exams as a guarantee that he wouldn't obtain necessary documents for further schooling. At that time, Bogišić started learning German on his own. He already spoke Italian as it was, lingua franca of the region, at the time.

In that time Bogišić was acquainted with Dubrovnik's count Niko Pucić (Pozza) the Great. This lifelong friend convinced him to take final exams despite his father's will and helped him prepare for them. Count Niko Pucić and his brother Medo Pucić (Orsato) were the most prominent people in Dubrovnik at the time. They gathered the intellectual elite which formed a Serb Catholic movement in Dubrovnik that will disappear in the beginning of the 20th century.

A turning point in Bogišić's life was the death of his father in 1856. Intrigues about the inheritance and family business followed but after two years Bogišić managed to get the papers in order and recuperate what the cousins had taken. In 1858 he entered Ginnasio Liceale di S.Caterina di Padua and later entered the prestigious Liceo Foscarini, the oldest high schools in Venice, where he majored in Italian language and literature and got closer to the spirit of Italian national movement.

Academic education

After graduating in Venice, thanks to friends Bogišić got an Austrian scholarship which he denied because it had a condition that he could only study at Austrian universities. During his studies he was involved with patriotic and pan-Slavic circles. He studied philology, philosophy (including history) and law, and the studies also included some modern courses such as political economy. He was reading in Vienna, Berlin, Munich and Paris with many notable professors like Franz Bopp, the founder of comparative linguistics, Prussian historian Johann Gustav Droysen, Franc Miklošič, one of the most famous Slavic philologists, the founder of sociology Lorenz von Stein and many famous lawyers such as Theodor Mommsen, Rudolf von Jhering and few notable members of German Historical School of Law.

He obtained a Phd in Philosophy in Giessen in 1862, defending the thesis entitled "On Causes of Defeat of the Prussian Army in Hussite War". There he strongly referred to the research of historian František Palacký. He obtained a law degree Rigorosum, oral part of the doctoral examination, in 1865 in Vienna, since at the time he was already employed and had been practicing. When he was appointed professor in Odessa he was also awarded the Juris Doctor Honoris Causa.

Professional life and public activities

Vienna

Thanks to the certificate issued by Miklošič stating that "besides being a native speaker of Serbian and Italian (Bogišić) speaks all other Slavic languages",[8] after obtaining a PhD in Giessen, in 1862/63 Bogišić was hired as an administrator of the Slavia Department at the Viennese court library. There however he also administrated the legal department as well as publications from the French Revolution. As an administrator of the Slavia Department, he had the opportunity not only to read important books by Slavic writers but also to meet many of the authors.

In Vienna of the day different organizations were founded gathering members of different peoples from the Empire. Bogišić participated in the foundation of the club named Slovanska beseda which was, at first, gathering all Slavs from around the Empire and was later reorganized into a Czech-club. Upon Bogišić's initiative, a special Slavic library was formed in the club (Slovanska biblioteka) and Bogišić was its first president. At this time, Bogišić supported United Serbian Youth (Ujedinjena omladina srpska), and remained their supporter for the rest of his life. The organization pleaded for real unification of Serbs and Croats into a single Yugoslav nation and not only their formal common political actions, which was the idea of Yugoslavia, for many Croatian intellectuals. After the founding of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, Bogišić was one of its most significant writers. The Academy was established in Zagreb as a common scientific institution of south Slavic peoples. The first president was a Croat Franjo Rački, and the first secretary a Serb Đuro Daničić.

During his stay in Vienna, he was collecting documents about Dubrovnik's 17th century diplomat – Stjepan Gradić. He continued collecting Serbian epic poetry, which he started in his youth, and in 1863 he spent the holidays in Mostar, listening to the epic poets gathered around the newly built orthodox church. As early as 1866, he conducted in all the regions of the Balkans a sociological inquiry with many questions concerning the forms of landed property in the country, social structureof the village, customs, institutions and family community, etc. Using the data, he particularly worked out in detail the problem of direct observation, the comparative methods, the volume of use of statistics and the analysis of documents. In 1867 he issued a book "Pravni običaji kod Slovena" (Legal customs of the Slavs). He mainly based his work on written sources, but he already started questioning his friends about the legal reasoning of the people in their regions. In 1872 he published a book "Pisani zakoni na Slovenskom Jugu" (Legal Status in the Slavic South). The idea was for this book to be an introduction to the serial, which was supposed to grasp written antic legal sources from the Slavic South.

Since his youth, Bogišić was very fond of museums. He believed that establishing a Slavic museum (Slovenski Muzeum) would contribute to the presentation of Slavic heritage, and rising consciousness about it, among the Slavs and others. In his publication "Slovenski Muzeum", he responded to the "Slavofobs" of the day, who argued that Slavic peoples have to develop on their own, like Germanic or Romanic nations previously. Here he showed himself to be a panslavist. This, among all Slavs very popular 19th century movement, originating from Poland and Bohemia, is today a surpassed form of a collective idealization and identification.

In 1867/68, after the years spent at the Court Library, Bogišić entered the Austro-Hungarian Ministry of Defence, and was named Councilor for Education in the Austrian Military Frontier based in Temesvar in the Banat. The population there was already used to a high degree of self-governance which is why several attempts to improve the school system failed. Regardless, Austria intended to introduce a stronger school system.

Odessa

After refusing offers from the Universities in Kiev and Warsaw, he accepted a professorship at the newly established Russian University in Odessa. After becoming Russian citizen and a public servant in 1869, he gave his introductory lecture in Odessa in 1870. His most notable success in Odessa was the foundation of the Slavic Library, while as a professor, he didn't have much success because already in 1871 he caused (as it later turned out – orchestrated) mass student protests. Austrian press wrote that Bogišić "being a Serb was called to Odessa only due to panslavic respect"[9] and in reality was not welcomed in Russia. He continued teaching but without the previous enthusiasm. When his request for early retirement was denied, he tried to spend as much time on study trips so he even studied, on sight, legal customs at the Caucasus. He officially remained a professor of the Odessa University but already in 1873, following the orders of the czar, as a Russian subject, he left for Montenegro with a task to codify private law.

Montenegro and France

In Montenegro, the newspapers wrote that the new Civil Code had already been written, before Bogišić even got there. Bogišić however persuaded the Montenegro sovereign Nicholas I to wait and explained that the work on the code will take years. Earlier, Bogišić had prepared and published questionnaires for collecting legal customs. These were translated to several languages and established Bogišić as pioneer of ethnological and sociological legal research. Based on the questionnaires he published a Collection of legal customs of the south Slavs (Zbornik sadašnjih pravnih običaja u južnih Slovena I, Građa u odgovorima iz različnih krajeva slovneskoga juga), in 1874. Bogišić was not satisfied with the questionnaires because they only had around 300 questions about public and private law including the matters of international public law. For the purpose of writing a civil code he prepared a new questionnaire, which had 2000 questions, all of which from the private law domain. He was assisted by Gavro Vukotić, one of the few trained jurists in Montenegro at the time.

Bogišić's civil code for Montenegro, The General Property Code (better known in Serbian as Opšti imovinski zakonik), was proclaimed not until 1888. During that time, Bogišić, who was still a Russian professor, established his residence in Paris and engaged in other assignments such as writing a constitution for the Serbian revolutionaries in Herzegovina and establishing state and legal order in Bulgaria which just gained independence from the Ottoman Empire. In 1878 he published his famous collection of folk poems (Narodne pjesme iz starijih, najčešće primorskih zapisa I). He also continued his researches on sociological and historical aspects of family. In the legal matters he insisted on separate codification of family and inheritance law, arguing that family law is not civil law strictu sensu, and that inheritance is a family law institute. That is why he refused to incorporate family and inheritance law into the Montenegrin civil code he wrote, consequently naming it – The General Property Code.

His draft constitution for Herzegovina from 1875, favors basic rights especially the ones referring to equality and is written in the best republican and liberal tradition thus reflecting the spirit of the local people as well as Bogišić's convictions from his youth. The Constitution is paradigmatic for Bogišić's nomotechnics. With a good eye for the social condition and needs, he managed to transform political ideals into a legal text acceptable for a common man. Such method will mark The General Property Code for the Principality of Montenegro which contains a strong idealization of people's legal reasoning. If he had to choose between what is rightful/just and what's in the people's reasoning and legal customs, he always chose the rightful solution.

During his work on the General Property Code, beside the legal customs Bogišić considered well established institutes of Roman Law. That is how Bogišić's Property Code is, at the same time, based on the notion of just, reception of Roman law and people's mind. Bogišić was especially thoughtful about the language of the code, so the actual code is written in a manner better than his other works. Such legal style served as an example for the 19th century legislation in the Kingdom of Serbia. Even in the second half of the 20th century, Belgrade legal school referred to Bogišić's code as its role-model and starting point. In that context, Bogišić's code was written in just the right time, when laws in the kingdom of Serbia were written in pure vernacular as was the case with Bogišić's Code. Most Yugoslav laws, giving they were written in Belgrade in the institutional frameworks previously established in the Kingdom of Serbia, belong to this legal-language tradition.

Paris and Final years

After finalizing his work on the Code, Bogišić was for some time the Minister of Justice in the Principality of Montenegro. Afterward, in 1899 the second and last improved version of the General Property Code was published. He then continued to live in Paris as a retired Russian professor. He was active in many Parisian science societies. In 1902 he was elected president of International Institute of Sociology.

He lived as prominent citizen in Paris and was often visited by law students from different countries. Especially in those years he often came back to ideas of the United Serbian Youth and prepared a study on Serbo-Croatian controversy. When he left his hometown and Dubrovnik, as a young man, the cultural elite there saw the Dubrovnik heritage as a part of a rising modern Serbian culture. However, on turn of the centuries, there were great fights between Serbs and Croats about Dubrovnik's legacy. Considering himself a Serb, Bogišić in those days published his autobiography in the Serbian Annual "Dubrovnik" as well as several articles in the Serbian patriotic paper from Dubrovnik – "Srđ".

Bogišić died in Fiume (Rijeka), on the way to his hometown Cavtat in 1908.

Legacy and name controversy

According to the testimonies of Bogišić's Parisian friends, Bogišić seriously considered establishing a foundation in Belgrade which would, after his death, take care of his legacy especially the scientific library and archive, and give scholarships to prosperous young lawyers for studying abroad. Bogišić chose the Serbian capital Belgrade, fearing that his rich scientific collection might otherwise end up in Austrian hands, who had a hostile attitude toward Slavic culture back in the days before the First World War.[10] At that time, his hometown Cavtat was a part of Austro-Hungary. Since he eventually died with no last will, his sister Marija, who lived in Cavtat, inherited the whole estate including his scientific library and archive. 18 000 books including many rare antiques; 10 000 letters; various notes; ethnological and numismatic collections were kept in Cavtat in inadequate conditions for years. After the World War II, the scientific library and archive was incorporated into Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts. It was then officially named – Baltazar Bogišić Collection (Zbirka Baltazara Bogišića).[11]

Bogišić Monument at his birthplace Cavtat

Since Italian was an official language in the area of his birth, Bogišić's birth certificate is written in Italian and Latin language. Carrying his grandfather's name, Bogišić signed all of his works, in all languages, as Valtazar Bogišić and it was the name by which he was recognized by his contemporaries. Since his autobiography was first published in the local paper called "Dubrovnik", the editor noted that the usual nickname for Baldassaro (Italian for Valtazar) in Duborvnik is Baldo, and consequently referred to him as such with affection.[6] After his death Croatian authors started occasionally calling him Baltazar Bogišić, taking it for the Croatian version of his name. That is why his archive-memorial is in his birthplace Cavtat, in today's Croatia, has Baltazar in its name, although that is not how he ever referred to himself.[1]

He is included in The 100 most prominent Serbs.

Works

Selected books and other separate publications

Correspondence

Editions of General Property Code for Montenegro

Collected publications

Biographies and selected secondary literature

References

  1. 1 2 "Vlaho Bogišić: Mi smo najbolji hrvatski naraštaj". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 22 November 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2012. Čovjek se zvao Valtazar po svome izboru, a mi, rodbina, prijatelji i zemljaci, nakon što je odlučio otići, željeli smo mu vratiti ime iz krštenice. Hrvatska kulturna tradicija zove ga Baltazar ili Baldo.
  2. ↑ Vekarić/Kapetanić, Podrijetlo Balda Bogišića, Hereditas rervm croaticarvm, 2003, p. 74
  3. ↑ Zimmermann, 1962, p. 27
  4. ↑ Martinović, Valtazar Bogišić i ujedinjena omladina sprska, ZMS 9 (1954), 26
  5. ↑ Stephan Meder. Valtazar Bogišić und die Historische Schule. Rechtssoziologische und rechtsethnologische Folgerungen aus Savignys Rechtsquellenlehre, in: Gedächtnisschrift für Valtazar Bogisic, vol. 1. Page 517-537
  6. 1 2 Spomenica Valtazara Bogišića, Dubrovnik 1938/1940, p. 35
  7. ↑ Spomenica Valtazara Bogišića, Dubrovnik 1938/1940, p. 69
  8. ↑ Kidrič, Dr. Balthasar Anton Bogišić in der kk. Hofbibliothek Wien, ASPh 31 (1910), 305–312
  9. ↑ Zimmermann, 1962, p. 142
  10. ↑ Viktor Novak, Testamentarni planovi Valtazara Bogišića, Zbornik Filozofsko fakulteta, 1964, 653
  11. ↑ "The Museum and Collection of Baltazar Bogišić in Cavtat". Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. 3 October 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
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