Bandar Seri Begawan

Bandar Seri Begawan
Brunei Town
Other transcription(s)
 • Jawi بندر سري بڬاوان

From top left: Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque, Sir Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin Park, Lapau Diraja, Mercu Dirgahayu and Downtown Bandar Seri Begawan.
Nickname(s): Bandar or BSB
Bandar Seri Begawan
Coordinates: 4°53′25″N 114°56′32″E / 4.89028°N 114.94222°E / 4.89028; 114.94222Coordinates: 4°53′25″N 114°56′32″E / 4.89028°N 114.94222°E / 4.89028; 114.94222
Country  Brunei
District Brunei Muara
Bruneian Empire 7th–18th century
Settled by the British 19th century
Land development by the British 1906
Resettlement of the Sultanate of Brunei administration centre 1909
Municipality and granted city status 1920
Area
 • City 100.36 km2 (38.75 sq mi)
Population (2015)
 • City 50,000
 • Density 1,395/km2 (3,610/sq mi)
 • Urban 279,924
 • Demonym Seri Begawanese / Orang Bandar
Time zone BNT (UTC+8)
Area code(s) +673 02
Website www.municipal-bsb.gov.bn

Bandar Seri Begawan /ˌbɑːndə sᵻˌriː bᵻˈɡaʊ.ən/ or /ˌbæ-/ BA(H)ND-ə sə-REE bə-GOW-ən (Jawi: بندر سري بڬاوان ; Malay: [ˌbanda səˌri bəˈɡawan]) formerly known as Brunei Town, is the capital and largest city of the Sultanate of Brunei. Bandar Seri Begawan has an estimated population of 50,000,[1] and including the whole Brunei-Muara District, the metro area has an estimated population of 279,924.[2]

Etymology

The original name for this city was "Bandar Brunei" or "Brunei Town" in English. In 1967, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III abdicated in favour of his eldest son, Hassanal Bolkiah and took the title of "Seri Begawan".[3] Bolkiah was then made as a defence minister and on 5 October 1970, he renamed the city to honour his late father.[3][4][5][6] The word "Begawan" was also used for Bruneian monarchs who have abdicated, the word originally coming from the Sanskrit word for "god": भगवान bhagavān. Besides that, Seri Begawan was known as "blessed one" in Sanskrit.[4] Seri comes from the honorific Sanskrit word Sri, and Bandar comes from Persian via Indian languages and originally meant "harbour" or "port" or "haven".[4][6] In Malay, bandar is known as a "town" or a "city".

History

Human settlement in Brunei can be traced back as far as 6th and 7th century with Malay trading centre and fishing port located near the current site of this city.[4] The first settlement on the banks of the Brunei River can be traced back to the 8th century where there had been settlements similar to those in Kampong Ayer, located near the present site of the Brunei Museum with the modern city on the opposite shore.[7] During the Bruneian Empire period from 15th–17th century, the Sultanate ruled much part of Borneo including the southern part of the Philippines and its capital of Manila,[8][9] with the water settlement near the city area became the third centre of the administration after been moved twice from Kota Batu and Kampong Ayer.[4][5][6][10] When the Sultanate rule declined through the eighteenth century due to the arrival of western powers such as the Spanish, Dutch and the British, this settlement population was totally decreased from its peak of 20,000 inhabitants.[4] From 1888 until its independence in 1984, Brunei was a British protectorate and land development began in 1906 when the British resident encouraged the Sultanate citizens to moved on a reclaimed land on the western bank of the inlet.[10] In 1899, first oil well was drilled at Ayer Bekunchi near Kampung Kasat, Bandar Seri Begawan. Although the oil well was drilled as deep as 259 metres (850 feet), no oil was found in the well. Oil exploration in Brunei later shifted to Seria and Belait District in 1924.[11][12][13] Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II established a new palace on the west bank in 1909 after been persuaded by the British,[5] along with the arriving of Chinese traders to boost the economy. Mosque and government buildings was also built along the western shores in 1920.[4] In the same year, the new settlement was declared as a new capital of Brunei and became a municipal area.[10]

Brunei Town under Allied attack in 1945; the attack was intended to flush out the Japanese.
Brunei Town in the 1950, with the starting of the redevelopment.

However, the city prosperity was almost ended when the city was captured by the Japanese in 1941, before been recaptured by the Allied forces in 1945. During the war, most infrastructure was destroyed by Japanese and Allied bombing.[14] The British began reconstructing most of its possessions in Borneo at the end of 1945 with the restoration of the law and order and the reopening of schools.[14] In 1950, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III, upon his ascension to the throne, negotiated with the British for an increase in corporate taxes, growing from 10% to 30% in 1953. A M$1.2 million (US$0.39 million) allotment to Brunei for war damages during the Japanese occupation increased from M$1 million in 1946 to M$100 million (US$32.6 million) in 1952. A five-year development plan with a total budget of M$100 million was also implemented in 1953, with infrastructure receiving the largest percentage (80%) and the rest going toward social programmes.[14] Together with the expansion of the oil and gas industry, commercialization began to transform Brunei's capital and a large number of public buildings were constructed, along with the development of a central business district in the 1970s and 1980s.[4][5] On 1 August 2007, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah gave consent for the expansion of the city from 12.87 km2 (4.97 sq mi) to 100.36 km2 (38.75 sq mi).[6]

Capital city

Istana Nurul Iman is the seat of the Brunei government and is the largest residential palace in the world according to Guinness World Records.[15] There are two prime minister offices in the city: one is located inside Istana Nurul Iman and another one is located at Jalan Kumbang Pasang.[16][17]

Local authority and city definition

The city is administered by the Bandar Seri Begawan Municipal Department, a department which was originally responsible to maintain the cleanliness and provide services to the municipality. The city obtained city status in 1920.[18]

With an area of 100.36 square kilometres, the city is located in the most populous district of Brunei namely Brunei-Muara District.[19] The city comprises the following Mukims (subdivisions of a district):[20]

However, 6 mukims are collectively known as Kampong Ayer or Water Village namely: Burong Pinggai Ayer, Sungai Kebun, Sungai Kedayan, Peramu, Saba, and Tamoi.

Geography

Bandar Seri Begawan is located at 4°53'25"N, 114°56'32"E, on the northern bank of the Brunei River.

Climate

Brunei features a tropical rainforest climate which is relatively hot and wet.[21] The city sees heavy precipitation throughout the course of the year with the Northeast Monsoon blows from December to March, while the Southeast Monsoon around June to October.[22] In 2010, the city average temperature ranges from 24 °C (75 °F) to 35 °C (95 °F) with March being the hottest month and December being the coldest one.[23]

Climate data for Bandar Seri Begawan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.9
(93)		 35.3
(95.5)		 38.3
(100.9)		 37.6
(99.7)		 36.4
(97.5)		 35.5
(95.9)		 35.7
(96.3)		 36.6
(97.9)		 35.5
(95.9)		 34.7
(94.5)		 34.5
(94.1)		 36.2
(97.2)		 38.3
(100.9)
Average high °C (°F) 30.4
(86.7)		 30.7
(87.3)		 31.9
(89.4)		 32.5
(90.5)		 32.6
(90.7)		 32.5
(90.5)		 32.3
(90.1)		 32.4
(90.3)		 32.0
(89.6)		 31.6
(88.9)		 31.4
(88.5)		 31.0
(87.8)		 31.8
(89.2)
Average low °C (°F) 23.3
(73.9)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.5
(74.3)		 23.7
(74.7)		 23.7
(74.7)		 23.4
(74.1)		 23.0
(73.4)		 23.1
(73.6)		 23.1
(73.6)		 23.2
(73.8)		 23.2
(73.8)		 23.2
(73.8)		 23.3
(73.9)
Record low °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1)		 18.9
(66)		 19.4
(66.9)		 20.5
(68.9)		 20.3
(68.5)		 19.2
(66.6)		 19.1
(66.4)		 19.4
(66.9)		 19.6
(67.3)		 20.5
(68.9)		 18.8
(65.8)		 19.5
(67.1)		 18.4
(65.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 292.6
(11.52)		 158.9
(6.256)		 118.7
(4.673)		 189.4
(7.457)		 234.9
(9.248)		 210.1
(8.272)		 225.9
(8.894)		 226.6
(8.921)		 264.4
(10.409)		 312.3
(12.295)		 339.9
(13.382)		 339.6
(13.37)		 2,913.3
(114.697)
Average rainy days 16 12 11 16 18 16 16 16 19 21 23 21 205
Mean monthly sunshine hours 196 191 225 239 236 210 222 218 199 206 205 211 2,558
Source #1: World Meteorological Organisation[24]
Source #2: NOAA (sun and extremes 1961−1990)[25]

Demography

Ethnicity and religion

The Bruneian Census 2011 Report estimated the population of Bandar Seri Begawan is around 20,000, while the metropolitan area has around 279,924.[1][2] The majority of Bruneians are Malays, with Chinese being the most significant minority group.[2] Aboriginal groups such as the Bisaya, Belait, Dusun, Kedayan, Murut and Tutong also exist. They are classified as part of the Malay ethnic groups and have been given the Bumiputera privileges.[1] Large numbers of foreign workers are also found within Brunei and the capital city, with the majority being from Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia and the Indian subcontinent.[26][27]

Places of interest

Mosques

The Ceremonial Ship beside the Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque

Historical sites

Located in Jalan Kianggeh, the Lapau (Royal Ceremonial Hall) is used for royal traditional ceremonies. It was here that the sultan Hassanal Bolkiah was crowned on 1 August 1968. The interior of the Lapau and sultan's throne are decorated in exquisite gold. Within the precincts of the Lapau is the Dewan Majlis where the legislative assembly used to sit. Official permission is required by visitors to enter this building. With the completion of the new legislative council building in Jalan Mabohai, the Lapau will soon become a symbol of the sultanate's constitutional history.
Located away from the banks of Brunei River, behind the department store Soon Lee Megamart at Mile One, Jalan Tutong, the Royal Mausoleum and the graveyard have been used by succeeding generations of sultans. Inside the Mausoleum itself are the remains of the last four sultans, Haji Sir Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin (1950–1967), who died in 1986, Ahmad Tajuddin Ibnu Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam (1924–1950), Muhammad Jamalul Alam Ibnu Sultan Hashim (1906–1924), and Hashim Jalilul Alam Putera Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II (1885–1906). Other members of the royal families from those times are also buried there.
A legendary figure who was chased away from Kampong Ayer for committing adultery. Adultery was a taboo in Bruneian society. She died in what we know today as Pusat Bandar (Central City). However some sources say that she was a Queen of Brunei.

Istana Darussalam

This Istana or Palace is located near to the river. It is one of the oldest non-residential palaces in Brunei. This palace was where the Begawan Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin III resided and where Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah was born. It is not open to the public.

Museums

Located on an archaeological site at Kota Batu, Brunei museum is the largest in the country.
The Malay Technology Museum at Kota Batu.
Front exhibit, Royal Regalia Building

Istana Nurul Iman

The Istana Nurul Iman palace is the residence of the sultan of Brunei. It is located 3 km southwest of the city centre. Its name is taken from Arabic, meaning "Palace of the Light of Faith". The palace was designed by Leandro V. Locsin, and built by the Filipino firm, Ayala Corporation, mixing Malay and Islamic elements in the building architecture.[29] It contains 1,788 rooms, with 257 bathrooms, and a banquet hall that can accommodate up to 5,000 guests. The palace only opens to public during the yearly three-day Hari Raya Adilfitri celebration.[30]

Kampong Ayer

Main article: Kampong Ayer
Kampong Ayer.

The city's suburb incorporates nearby Kampong Ayer (water village), in which houses were built on stilts and stretches about 8 km (5.0 mi) along the Brunei river. It was founded 1,000 years ago.[31] The village is considered the largest stilt settlement in the world with approximately 30,000 residents and 2,000 houses.[32] "Venice of the East" was coined by Antonio Pigafetta in honour of the water village he encountered at Kota Batu (just east of city's central business district). Pigafetta was on Ferdinand Magellan's last voyages when he visited Brunei in 1521.[33]

Parks and trails

This latest addition to the beautiful Bandar Seri Begawan is strategically overlooking the historical Kg. Ayer. The approximately 1.8-hectare (4.4-acre) site took almost three years to be completed and was officially opened to the public on 28 May 2011. The Waterfront is accessible to everyone as it is open 24 hours where public can enjoy sightseeing and take a break at the outdoor cafes offering varieties of drinks and dishes.
This narrow strip of landscaped park between Jalan Tutong and the Sungei Brunei was created in 1986 as a "Square". It has a permanent display of the work of a sculptor from each of the original ASEAN countries. The 1 km (0.62 mi)-long park has pleasant walkways bordered by shrubs and the mangrove fringed Pulau Ranggu where two species of monkeys live, including the notable proboscis monkey only found in Borneo. The park also offers some of the best views of the Istana Nurul Iman.
Brunei Darussalam's sculpture at Persiaran Damuan.
Located just a few minutes walk from the city centre, this is a popular trekking trail for the local residents of Bandar Seri Begawan. There are well made walkaways through the small park which has benches and picnic spots as well as a waterfall and ponds with water lilies.
The park offers a great view of the Kampong Ayer and downtown Bandar Seri Begawan. There is a well maintained wooden walkaway with viewing huts along the way. These huts provide a good vantage points of Kampong Ayer and its surroundings.

Transportation

The main bus station is located at Jalan Cator.
Water taxis awaiting passengers near Jalan MacArthur.

Land

The capital is connected to Bus of Bandar Seri Begawan the western part of the country by road. To get to the eastern part of Brunei (Temburong) it is necessary to travel through Sarawak which is in Malaysia, via the town of Limbang which is accessed by the Kuala Lurah Bus terminal. To get to Bandar Seri Begawan from the west, access is via Miri town in Sarawak via the Sungai Tujuh Bus terminal and then along the coastal highway.

The main bus station in the city is located in Jalan Cator underneath a multi-story car park. There are six bus routes servicing Bandar Seri Begawan area; the Central Line, Circle Line, Eastern Line, Southern Line, Western Line and Northern Line. The buses operate from 6.30 am till 6.00pm except for Bus No. 1 and 20 which have extended to the night. All bus routes begin and terminate their journey at the main bus terminal. Buses heading to other towns in Brunei such as Tutong, Seria and Kuala Belait also depart from the main bus terminal and Taxicab.

Air

Brunei International Airport serves the whole country. It is 11 km (6.8 mi) from the town centre and can be reached in 10 minutes via the Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Highway. Royal Brunei Airlines, the national airline, has its head office in the RBA Plaza in the city.[34][35]

Water

A water taxi service known as 'penambang' is used for transportation between downtown Bandar Seri Begawan and Kampong Ayer. Water taxis are the most common means of negotiating the waterways of Kampung Ayer. They can be hailed from the numerous "docking parts" along the banks of the Brunei River. Fares are negotiable. Regular water taxi and boat services depart for Temburong between 7:45 am and 4 pm daily, and also serve the Malaysian towns of Limbang, Lawas, Sundar and Labuan. A speedboat is used for passengers travelling to Penambang Ferry Service and from Bangar and Limbang.

Economy

The city produces furniture,[36] textiles, handicrafts, and timber.[37][38]

Shopping

Brunei are known to its shophouses design. These are the shopping areas:

Traditional markets

Education

All levels of education are available in Bandar Seri Begawan from kindergarten to the tertiary level.

Higher educational institutes in Bandar Seri Begawan:

Private higher educational institutes in Bandar Seri Begawan:

Secondary schools in the capital:

International relations

Several countries have set up their embassies, commissions or consulates in Bandar Seri Begawan, including Australia,[41] Bangladesh,[42] Belgium, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burma,[43] Cambodia, Canada,[44] Chile, China,[45] Finland,[46] France,[47] Germany,[48] India,[49] Indonesia,[50] Japan,[51] Laos, Malaysia,[52] Netherlands, New Zealand, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia,[53] Singapore,[54] South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand,[55] United Kingdom,[56] United States[57] and Vietnam.[58][59]

Development

Recently there have been plans to develop Bandar Seri Begawan to look more Urban. Redevelopment has taken place. The municipality is executing a BSB Master-plan with the support of both locals and government.

Sister city

Bandar Seri Begawan currently has only four sister city:

Gallery

The Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque façade 
Kampong Ayer 
Memorial depicting 60 in Arabic, to commemorate the Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah's 60th birthday 
Tomb of Sharif Ali, also known as Sultan Berkat, the third Sultan of Brunei, who ruled 1426–1432 
Street scenery, Jalan Sultan 
Outside view of the Royal Regalia Building 
Sungai Brunei (Brunei river) 
Street in Gadong, the main shopping centre of Bandar Seri Begawan 

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Brunei Darussalam Statistical Yearbook (Brunei Darussalam – An Introduction)" (PDF). Department of Statistics, Brunei. Department of Economic Planning and Development, Prime Minister's Office. 2011. pp. 28/2 and 39/9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 "Population and Housing Census Report (Demographic Characteristics)" (PDF). Department of Economic Planning and Development. 2011. pp. 4/10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  3. 1 2 Oxford Business Group (2009). The Report: Brunei Darussalam 2009. Oxford Business Group. pp. 215–. ISBN 978-1-907065-09-5.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2007). World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 1206–. ISBN 978-0-7614-7642-9.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (12 November 2012). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. pp. 161–. ISBN 978-1-136-63979-1.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Shirleen Cambridge (5 October 2014). Ultimate Handbook Guide to Bandar Seri Begawan : (Brunei) Travel Guide. MicJames. pp. 8–. GGKEY:16PGAE1LKCQ.
  7. ↑ Roman Adrian Cybriwsky (23 May 2013). Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. pp. 32–. ISBN 978-1-61069-248-9.
  8. ↑ "List of Brunei Sultans". Government of Brunei (in Malay). Brunei Historical Centre. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  9. ↑ Nigel Hicks (2007). The Philippines. New Holland Publishers. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-1-84537-663-5.
  10. 1 2 3 Jatswan S. Sidhu (22 December 2009). Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam. Scarecrow Press. pp. 32–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7078-9.
  11. ↑ "History of Oil & Gas". Brunei Shell Petroleum Company Sendirian Berhad (BSP). Archived from the original on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  12. ↑ Rozan, Yunos. "How oil was discovered in Brunei". bruneiresources.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  13. ↑ "Exploration history". Brunei Shell Petroleum Company Sendirian Berhad (BSP). Archived from the original on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  14. 1 2 3 Marie-Sybille de Vienne (9 March 2015). Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century. NUS Press. pp. 105–108. ISBN 978-9971-69-818-8.
  15. ↑ "Largest residential palace". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  16. ↑ "Overview – Prime Minister's Office". Prime Minister's Office of Brunei Darussalam. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  17. ↑ "Kompleks Bangunan Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Brunei (Prime Minister Office Building Complex, Brunei)". Boehme systems. Archived from the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  18. ↑ "Jabatan Bandaran Bandar Seri Begawan" (in Malay). Jabatan Bandaran – Bandar Seri Begawan. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  19. ↑ Gwillim Law (30 October 2013). "Districts of Brunei Darussalam". Statoids. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  20. ↑ Za'im Zaini; Sonia K (23 July 2007). "Brunei capital to become nearly ten times bigger". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Bandar Seri Begawan. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  21. ↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc (1 May 2014). Britannica Student Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-1-62513-172-0.
  22. ↑ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1999). Irrigation in Asia in Figures. Food & Agriculture Org. pp. 65–. ISBN 978-92-5-104259-5.
  23. ↑ "Historical Weather For 2010 in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam". Weather Spark. 2010. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  24. ↑ "World Weather Information Service - Bandar Seri Begawan". World Meteorological Organisation. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  25. ↑ "Brunei Darussalam Climate Normals 1961−1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  26. ↑ "Foreign Workers Information". Brunei Resources. 2005. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  27. ↑ "Business Guide – Employment and Immigration". Brunei Economic Development Board. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  28. ↑ "60 Unbelievable Beautiful Mosques Around The World". DesignFollow. 13 May 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  29. ↑ "Istana Nurul Iman". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  30. ↑ "World’s Largest Palace : Istana Nurul Iman, Brunei". ASEAN Book of Records. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  31. ↑ Yunos, Rozan (25 April 2011). "Tracing the history of today's Kampong Ayer". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  32. ↑ Piri, Sally (22 October 2011). "Kampong Ayer in Brunei and Borneo". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 8 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  33. ↑ "Kampung Ayer". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  34. ↑ "Contact Us." Royal Brunei Airlines. Retrieved on 10 November 2010.
  35. ↑ "World Wide Offices Brunei." Royal Brunei Airlines. Retrieved on 10 November 2010. "Bandar Seri Begawan Details: RBA Address: Royal Brunei Airlines. RBA Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri Begawan BS 8811, Brunei Darussalam."
  36. ↑ "Furniture Manufacturers in Bandar Seri Begawan, BN". Yellow Pages. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  37. ↑ "Timber Retail in Bandar Seri Begawan, BN". Yellow Pages. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  38. ↑ "The 4th China-ASEAN Expo Review". China-ASEAN EXPO Secretariat. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  39. ↑ "UBD in Brief". Universiti Brunei Darussalam. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
  40. ↑ "About Us". Universiti Islam Sultan Sharif Ali. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
  41. ↑ "Australian High Commission Bandar Seri Begawan". Australian High Commission. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  42. ↑ "Bangladesh High Commission Brunei Darussalam". Bangladesh High Commission. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  43. ↑ "Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Bandar Seri Begawan". Myanmar Embassy. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  44. ↑ "High Commission of Canada in Brunei Darussalam". Canada International. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  45. ↑ "Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Negara Brunei Darussalam". China Embassy. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  46. ↑ "Contact information: Finland´s Honorary Consulate, Bandar Seri Begawan (Brunei Darussalam)". Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland). Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  47. ↑ "Embassy of France in Brunei Darussalam". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France). Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  48. ↑ "German Embassy Bandar Seri Begawan". German Embassy. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  49. ↑ "The High Commission of India Brunei Darussalam". Japan Embassy. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  50. ↑ "Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia). Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  51. ↑ "Embassy of Japan in Brunei Darussalam". Japan Embassy. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  52. ↑ "Official Website of the High Commission of Malaysia, Bandar Seri Begawan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia). Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  53. ↑ "Embassy of Saudi Arabia – Bandar Seri Begawan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia). Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  54. ↑ "High Commission of the Republic of Singapore Bandar Seri Begawan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Singapore). Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  55. ↑ "Royal Thai Embassy, Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei Darussalam". Thailand Embassy. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  56. ↑ "British High Commission Bandar Seri Begawan". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  57. ↑ "Embassy of the United States in Bandar Seri Begawan". US Embassy. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  58. ↑ "Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Brunei Darussalam". Vietnam Embassy. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  59. ↑ "Foreign Embassies and Consulates in Brunei (36 Foreign Embassies and Consulates in Brunei)". GoAbroad.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  60. ↑ Daljit Singh; Pushpa Thambipillai (10 May 2012). Southeast Asian Affairs 2012. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 98–. ISBN 978-981-4380-23-2.

External links

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