Bar recursion

Bar recursion is a generalized form of recursion developed by C. Spector in his 1962 paper.^[1] It is related to bar induction in the same fashion that primitive recursion is related to ordinary induction, or transfinite recursion is related to transfinite induction.

Technical Definition

Let V, R, and O be types, and i be any natural number, representing a sequence of parameters taken from V. Then the function sequence f of functions f_n from Vⁱ⁺ⁿ → R to O is defined by bar recursion from the functions L_n : R → O and B with B_n : ((Vⁱ⁺ⁿ → R) x (Vⁿ → R)) → O if:

• f_n((λα:Vⁱ⁺ⁿ)r) = L_n(r) for any r long enough that L_n+k on any extension of r equals L_n. Assuming L is a continuous sequence, there must be such r, because a continuous function can use only finitely much data.
• f_n(p) = B_n(p, (λx:V)f_n+1(cat(p, x))) for any p in Vⁱ⁺ⁿ → R.

Here "cat" is the concatenation function, sending p, x to the sequence which starts with p, and has x as its last term.

(This definition is based on the one by Escardó and Oliva.^[2])

Provided that for every sufficiently long function (λα)r of type Vⁱ → R, there is some n with L_n(r) = B_n((λα)r, (λx:V)L_n+1(r)), the bar induction rule ensures that f is well-defined.

The idea is that one extends the sequence arbitrarily, using the recursion term B to determine the effect, until a sufficiently long node of the tree of sequences over V is reached; then the base term L determines the final value of f. The well-definedness condition corresponds to the requirement that every infinite path must eventually pass though a sufficiently long node: the same requirement that is needed to invoke a bar induction.

The principles of bar induction and bar recursion are the intuitionistic equivalents of the axiom of dependent choices.^[3]

References

1. C. Spector (1962). "Provably recursive functionals of analysis: a consistency proof of analysis by an extension of principles in current intuitionistic mathematics". In F. D. E. Dekker. Recursive Function Theory: Proc. Symposia in Pure Mathematics 5. American Mathematical Society. pp. 1–27.
2. Martín Escardó, Paulo Oliva. "Selection functions, Bar recursion, and Backwards Induction" (PDF). Math. Struct. in Comp.Science.
3. Jeremy Avigad, Solomon Feferman (1999). "VI: Gödel's functional ("Dialectica") interpretation". In S. R. Buss. Handbook of Proof Theory (PDF).