Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council elections

A map showing the wards of Barking and Dagenham since 2002

Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council in London, England is elected every four years. Since the last boundary changes in 2002, 51 councillors have been elected from 17 wards.^[1]

Political control

Since the first election to the council in 1964 political control of the council has been held by the following parties:^[2]

Party in control	Years
Labour	1964–present

Council elections

Barking London Borough Council election, 1964
Barking London Borough Council election, 1968
Barking London Borough Council election, 1971
Barking London Borough Council election, 1974
Barking London Borough Council election, 1978 (boundary changes reduced the number of seats by one)^[3]
Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council election, 1982
Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council election, 1986
Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council election, 1990
Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council election, 1994 (boundary changes increased the number of seats by three)^[4]^{[n 1]}^{[n 2]}
Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council election, 1998
Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council election, 2002 (boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same)^[5]
Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council election, 2006
Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council election, 2010
Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council election, 2014

Borough result maps

2002 results map
2006 results map
2010 results map
2014 results map

By-election results

1964-1968

There were no by-elections.^[6]

1968-1971

There were no by-elections.^[7]

1971-1974

Chadwell Heath by-election, 14 October 1971^[8]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Ratepayers' Association	P. G. Jarvis	1,108	68.4
	Labour	H. W. Pope	492	30.4
	Communist	D. Connor	20	1.2
Majority			616	38.0
Turnout			9,731	16.6
	Independent hold		Swing

Gascoigne by-election, 2 December 1971^[8]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	G. H. Shaw	1,442	93.2
	Liberal	M. F. Taylor	106	6.8
Majority			1,336	86.4
Turnout			8,882	17.4
	Labour hold		Swing

River by-election, 4 May 1972^[8]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	R. Blackburn	1,263
	Labour	E. J. White	1,226
	Conservative	Mrs. A. E. Horrell	209
	Conservative	T. A. Woodcock	201
Majority
Turnout			8,589	17.4
	Labour hold		Swing
	Labour hold		Swing

1974-1978

There were no by-elections.^[3]

1978-1982

Cambell by-election, 29 March 1979^[9]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Eric R. Harris	1,019	48.4
	Conservative	Brian Cook	906	43.0
	National Front	John J. Benjafield	106	5.0
	Liberal	Daniel J. Felton	76	3.6
Majority			113	5.4
Turnout			7,354	28.7
	Labour hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr. Bertie E. Roycraft.

Gascoigne by-election, 3 May 1979^[9]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	James L. Jones	2,258	54.7
	Conservative	Stanley Bray	1,255	30.4
	Liberal	David A. Spender	614	14.9
Majority			1,003	24.3
Turnout			6,865	60.6
	Labour hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr. Julia H. Engwell.

Triptons by-election, 4 December 1980^[9]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Alan D. Stevens	859	68.3
	Liberal	Edward A. Bullock	234	18.6
	Conservative	Sylvia M. L. Jones	120	9.5
	National Front	Ronald A. Ferrett	44	3.5
Majority			625	49.7
Turnout			7,244	17.4
	Labour hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr. William E. Bellamy.

1982-1986

Manor by-election, 15 July 1982^[10]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	BrianP. Walker	625	60.6
	Conservative	Leonard Nelson	205	19.9
	SDP–Liberal Alliance	David J. Kingaby	202	19.6
Majority			420	40.7
Turnout			4,930	21.1
	Labour hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr. Albert E. Ball.

Chadwell Heath by-election, 5 May 1983^[10]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Independent Ratepayer	Albert Gibbs	1,184	50.8
	Conservative	Norman C. Houlder	490	21.0
	Labour	William L. Summers	390	16.7
	SDP–Liberal Alliance	David J. Kingaby	266	11.4
Majority			694	29.8
Turnout			6,866	34.1
	Independent hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. William Hibble.

Longbridge by-election, 9 June 1983^[10]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Constance W. Foster	2,372	50.4
	Liberal	Daniel J. Felton	1,346	28.6
	Labour	James L. Jones	984	20.9
Majority			1,026	21.8
Turnout			7,275	64.8
	Conservative hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. Edward J. Reed.

1986-1990

Gascoigne by-election, 18 September 1986^[11]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Susan P. Vickers	1,450	73.8
	Labour	David E. Geary	466	23.7
	Conservative	Richard P. Hall	49	2.5
Majority			984	50.1
Turnout			6,264	31.5
	Liberal hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr. Alan R. Beadle.

Fanshawe by-election, 10 March 1988^[11]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Raymond B. Parkin	910	77.3
	Conservative	William C. Preston	247	21.0
	Communist	Alfred F. Ott	20	1.7
Majority			663	56.3
Turnout			6,666	17.7
	Labour hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr. Ernest A. Turner.

Marks Gate by-election, 10 March 1988^[11]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Maureen M. Worby	477	64.0
	Conservative	Terence A. Malladine	268	36.0
Majority			209	28.0
Turnout			2,098	35.5
	Labour gain from Independent		Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. Donald I. Pepper.

River by-election, 3 November 1988^[11]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Inder S. Jamu	542	49.2
	Conservative	Marcus G. S. Needham	294	26.7
	Liberal Democrat	Susan J. Bertram	266	24.1
Majority			248	22.5
Turnout			5,073	21.7
	Labour hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. Patricia A. Twomey.

Abbey by-election, 8 June 1989^[11]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Mohammad A. R. Fani	1,158	59.8
	Conservative	Nicholas L. T. Smith	524	27.1
	Liberal Democrat	Martin F. Taylor	253	13.1
Majority			634	32.7
Turnout			6,793	28.6
	Labour hold		Swing	by

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. Abdul M. Khokhar.

1990-1994

Alibon by-election, 13 February 1992^[12]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Patricia A. Twomey	661	56.3
	Conservative	Margaret Jones	264	22.5
	Liberal Democrat	Sean P. Healy	249	21.2
Turnout				26.1
	Labour hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. Trevor A. Watson.

Chadwell Heath by-election, 2 April 1992^[12]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Residents	Ronald J. Curtis	1,107	49.3
	Labour	Violet M. Gasson	819	36.5
	Conservative	John F. Graham	318	14.2
Turnout				33.3
	Residents hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr. Raymond Gowland.

1994-1998

Manor by-election, 9 November 1995^[13]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	June Conyard	657	86.7
	Liberal Democrat	David A. Oram	101	13.3
Majority			556	73.4
Turnout				16.6
	Labour hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. Alastair Hannah-Rogers.

Parsloes by-election, 9 November 1995^[13]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Steven P. Gill	604	57.1
	Independent Labour	John W. Broughton	360	34.1
	Liberal Democrat	Alan H. G. Cooper	93	8.8
Majority			244	23.0
Turnout				22.3
	Labour hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr. Joseph A. Butler.

1998-2002

Goresbrook by-election, 13 May 1999^[14]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal Democrat	Liam A. Smith	834	56.4	+22.5
	Labour	William F. L. Barnes	646	43.6	-22.5
Majority			188	12.8
Turnout			1,480
	Liberal Democrat gain from Labour		Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. Terence P. Power.

Eastbury by-election, 14 October 1999^[15]^[14]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal Democrat	Alan H. G. Cooper	949	70.8	+19.7
	Labour	David S. Miles	342	25.5	-23.4
	Conservative	Brian Cook	50	3.7	+3.7
Majority			607	45.3
Turnout			1,341	31.8
	Liberal Democrat hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. Stephen W. Churchman.

Marks Gate by-election, 27 September 2001^[14]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Michael A. McCarthy	443	56.6	-23.0
	Conservative	Terence J. Justice	290	37.0	+37.0
	Liberal Democrat	Jonathan M. Lopez-Real	27	3.4	-17.0
	Green	Geoffrey A. Hunwicks	23	2.9	+2.9
Majority			153	19.6
Turnout			783	20.0
	Labour hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr. Colin T. W. Pond.

2002-2006

Longbridge by-election, 6 February 2003^[16]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Anton C. Clark	1,186	61.0	+21.6
	Labour	Simon J. Bremner	578	29.7	-12.5
	Liberal Democrat	Jonathan M. Lopez-Real	180	9.3	-9.1
Majority			608	31.3
Turnout			1,944	26.8	-2.8
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr. Susan Bramley.

Eastbrook by-election, 3 April 2003 (2)^[17]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Robert C. Little	847
	Labour	Raymond B. Parkin	839
	Conservative	Susan M. Connelly	778
	Conservative	Kerry J. Smith	768
	Liberal Democrat	Karen Perry	110
	Liberal Democrat	Tony H. Perry	96
	Green	Melissa Serpico	50
	Green	Francis Koch-Krase	43
Turnout			3,531	24.3	-1.3
	Labour hold		Swing
	Labour hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr. Lawrence Bunn and the resignation of Cllr. Sidney Summerfield.

Eastbury by-election, 4 December 2003^[15]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal Democrat	Diane P. Challis	470	32.9	-23.5
	Labour	James McDermott	466	32.6	-11.0
	Conservative	Colin King	381	26.7	+26.7
	Green	Geoff Sheridan	111	7.8	+7.8
Majority			4	0.3
Turnout			1,428	19.8	-6.0
	Liberal Democrat hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr. Daniel J. Felton.

Chadwell Heath by-election, 10 June 2004^[18]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Nadine Smith	965	39.4	+8.4
	Conservative	Mary Justice	899	36.7	+3.2
	Chadwell Heath Residents Association	Elaine Matthews	468	19.1	-16.5
	Green	Geoff Sheridan	117	4.8	+4.8
Majority			66	2.7
Turnout			2,449	35.5	+8.8
	Labour gain from Independent		Swing

Valence by-election, 15 July 2004^[19]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Donald Hemmett	761	41.6	-26.0
	BNP	Lawrence Rustem	576	31.5	+31.5
	Conservative	George Woodward	279	15.3	+15.3
	Liberal Democrat	Angela Lambart	148	8.1	-24.3
	Green	Laurence Cleeland	65	3.6	+3.6
Majority			185	10.1
Turnout			1,829	27.8	+7.7
	Labour hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr. Vera W. Cridland.

Goresbrook by-election, 16 September 2004^[20]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	BNP	Daniel G. Kelley	1,072	51.9	N/A
	Labour	Patricia A. Northover	602	29.1	-32.9
	UKIP	Terence J. Jones	137	6.6	+6.6
	Conservative	Christine M. Naylor	111	5.4	+5.4
	Liberal Democrat	Frederick Tindling	85	4.1	-33.9
	Green	Geoff Sheridan	59	2.9	+2.9
Majority			470	22.8
Turnout			2,066	28.8	+8.5
	BNP gain from Labour		Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. Matthew W. Huggins.

Village by-election, 7 October 2004^[21]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Philip T. Waker	1,085	44.7	-10.5
	BNP	Lawrence Rustem	934	38.5	N/A
	Conservative	Kerry J. Smith	410	16.9	-6.4
Majority			151	6.2
Turnout			2,429	35.0	+12.6
	Labour hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. Darrin F. Best.

Goresbrook by-election, 23 June 2005^[20]^[22]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Warren Northover	1,227	51.1	+22.0
	BNP	Lawrence Rustem	791	32.9	-19.0
	UKIP	Kerry Smith	216	9.0	+2.4
	Conservative	Christine Naylor	167	7.0	+1.6
Majority			436	18.2
Turnout			2,401	33.6	+4.8
	Labour gain from BNP		Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. Daniel G. Kelley.

Becontree by-election, 14 July 2005^[23]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Alok Agrawal	1,171	59.8	-6.0
	BNP	John Luisis	378	19.3	N/A
	Conservative	Anthony Chytry	283	14.4	+14.4
	UKIP	John Bolton	125	6.4	+6.4
Majority			793	40.5
Turnout			1,957	25.9	+8.9
	Labour hold		Swing

2006-2010

Chadwell Heath by-election, 3 July 2008^[24]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Terry Justice	842	37.4	+7.5
	Labour	Margaret Mullane	691	30.7	-7.0
	BNP	James Webb	564	25.1	+25.1
	UKIP	Kerry Smith	142	6.3	-6.9
	Independent	Dorien McIlroy	11	0.5	-18.7
Majority			151	6.7
Turnout			2,250	33.2
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. Sarah J. Baillie.

2010-2014

Goresbrook by-election, 8 July 2010^[24]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Louise Couling	881	46.6	-3.0
	BNP	Richard Barnbrook	642	34.0	+6.8
	Liberal Democrat	Felicia Taiwo	136	7.2	-2.1
	Conservative	Paul Ayer	108	5.7	-7.4
	Independent	Warren Northover	63	3.3	+3.3
	UKIP	Nobby Manning	50	2.6	+2.6
	Independent	Faruk Ahmed Choudhury	11	0.6	+0.6
Majority			239	12.6
Turnout			1,891	25.29
	Labour hold		Swing

Goresbrook by-election, 19 April 2012^[25]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Simon Bremner	1,113	57.8
	BNP	Bob Taylor	593	30.8
	UKIP	John Walter Dias-Broughton	91	4.7
	Conservative	Mohammed Riaz	81	4.2
	Liberal Democrat	Robert Graham Hill	48	2.5
Majority			520
Turnout			1,935	25.57
	Labour hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. Ms. Louise Couling.

Longbridge by-election, 9 May 2013^[26]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Syed Ahammad	1555	63.86
	UKIP	Albert E. Bedwell	466	18.31
	Conservative	Paul Ayer	284	11.66
	Liberal Democrat	David O. T. Croft	78	3.20
	BNP	Giuseppe De Santis	37	1.51
Majority			1271	52.19
Turnout			2435	29.72
	Labour hold		Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr. Nirmal Gill.

2014-2018

There have been no by-elections so far.

References

↑ The East London Boroughs (London Borough Boundaries) Order 1993
↑ The Essex and Greater London (County and London Borough Boundaries) (No.2) Order 1993

↑ "Local Government in Barking and Dagenham". whorunslondon.org. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
↑ "Barking & Dagenham". BBC News Online. 19 April 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
1 2 "London Borough Council Elections 4 May 1978" (PDF). London Datastore. Greater London Council. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
↑ "London Borough Council Elections 5 May 1994 including Results from the European Elections" (PDF). London Datastore. London Research Centre. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
↑ "Barking & Dagenham". BBC Online. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
↑ "London Borough Council Elections 9 May 1968" (PDF). London Datastore. Greater London Council. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
↑ "London Borough Council Elections 13 May 1971" (PDF). London Datastore. Greater London Council. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
1 2 3 "London Borough Council Elections 2 May 1974" (PDF). London Datastore. Greater London Council. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
1 2 3 "London Borough Council Elections 6 May 1982" (PDF). London Datastore. Greater London Council. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
1 2 3 "London Borough Council Elections 8 May 1986" (PDF). London Datastore. London Residuary Body. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
1 2 3 4 5 "London Borough Council Elections 3rd May 1990" (PDF). London Datastore. London Research Centre. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
1 2 "London Borough Council By-elections May 1990 to May 1994" (PDF). London Datastore. London Research Centre. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
1 2 "London Borough Council Elections 7 May 1998 including the Greater London Authority Referendum results" (PDF). London Datastore. London Research Centre. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
1 2 3 "London Borough Council Elections 2 May 2002" (PDF). London Datastore. Greater London Authority. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
1 2 "Eastbury ward By-Election results". London Borough of Barking & Dagenham. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
↑ "Longbridge ward By-Election result". London Borough of Barking & Dagenham. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
↑ "Eastbrook ward By-Election result". London Borough of Barking & Dagenham. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
↑ "Chadwell Heath ward By-Election results". London Borough of Barking & Dagenham. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
↑ "Valence ward By-Election result". London Borough of Barking & Dagenham. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
1 2 "Goresbrook ward By-Election results". London Borough of Barking & Dagenham. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
↑ "Village Ward". The London Borough of Barking & Dagenham. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
↑ "Labour regains BNP council seat". BBC News Online. 24 June 2005. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
↑ Mulholland, Helene (15 July 2005). "Controversial BNP campaign fails to win council seat". London: guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
1 2 "Chadwell Heath Ward By-Election Result". Barking and Dagenham Council. Archived from the original on 4 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
↑ http://www.lbbd.gov.uk/CouncilandDemocracy/By-Elections/Goresbrook/Pages/Goresbrook2012.aspx
↑ http://www.lbbd.gov.uk/CouncilandDemocracy/Documents/NoticeOfElection.pdf

By-election results

External links

Barking and Dagenham Council

Elections in London

Mayor of London	2000 2004 2008 2012 2016

London Assembly	2000 2004 2008 2012 2016

Greater London Authority	1998 (referendum)

Inner London Education Authority	1986

Greater London Council	1964 1967 1970 1973 1977 1981

London County Council	1889 1892 1895 1898 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961

House of Commons London seats	2001 2005 2010 2015

See also Elections in London Boroughs Middlesex County Council elections

Council elections in Greater London

Barking and Dagenham	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Barnet	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Bexley	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Brent	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Bromley	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Camden	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Croydon	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Ealing	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Enfield	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Greenwich	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Hackney	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Hammersmith and Fulham	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Haringey	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Harrow	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Havering	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Hillingdon	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Hounslow	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Islington	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Kensington and Chelsea	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Kingston upon Thames	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Lambeth	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Lewisham	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Merton	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Newham	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Redbridge	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Richmond upon Thames	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Southwark	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Sutton	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Tower Hamlets	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Waltham Forest	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Wandsworth	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Westminster	1964 1968 1971 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Greater London	1964 1967 1970 1973 1977 1981 Abolished

See also: London-wide elections Wards Boundary changes

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, April 06, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.