Bartolomeu Dias

Bartolomeu Dias
Statue of Bartolomeu Dias at the High Commission of South Africa in London.
Born	1450[1] Algarve, Kingdom of Portugal
Died	May 29, 1500 (aged 49–50) Cape of Good Hope
Nationality	Portuguese
Occupation	Navigator and explorer
Known for	First European to sail around the southernmost tip of Africa.

Bartolomeu Dias (Portuguese pronunciation: [baɾtuluˈmew ˈdi.ɐʃ]; Anglicized: Bartholomew Diaz; c. 1451 – 29 May 1500^[2]), a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so.

Purposes of the Dias expedition

Bartolomeu Dias was a Knight of the royal court, superintendent of the royal warehouses, and sailing-master of the man-of-war, São Cristóvão (Saint Christopher). King John II of Portugal appointed him, on 10 October 1487, to head an expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa in the hope of finding a trade route to India. Dias was also charged with searching for the lands ruled by Prester John, who was a fabled Christian priest and ruler.^[3]

The expedition

An illustration of the São Cristóvão and São Pantaleão

Dias' ship São Cristóvão was piloted by Pêro de Alenquer. A second caravel, the São Pantaleão, was commanded by João Infante and piloted by Álvaro Martins. Dias' brother Pêro Dias was the captain of the square-rigged support ship with João de Santiago as pilot.

The expedition sailed south along the west coast of Africa. Extra provisions were picked up on the way at the Portuguese fortress of São Jorge de Mina on the Gold Coast. After having sailed past Angola, Dias reached the Golfo da Conceicão (Walvis Bay) by December. Continuing south, he discovered first Angra dos Ilheus, being hit, then, by a violent storm. Thirteen days later, from the open ocean, he searched the coast again to the east, discovering and using the westerlies winds - the ocean gyre, but finding just ocean. Having rounded the Cape of Good Hope at a considerable distance to the west and southwest, he turned towards the east, and taking advantage of the winds of Antarctica that blow strongly in the South Atlantic, he sailed northeast. After 30 days without seeing land, he entered what he named Aguada de São Brás (Bay of Saint Blaise)—later renamed Mossel Bay—on 4 February 1488. Dias's expedition reached its furthest point on 12 March 1488 when they anchored at Kwaaihoek, near the mouth of the Bushman's River, where a padrão—the Padrão de São Gregório—was erected before turning back.^[4] Dias wanted to continue sailing to India, but he was forced to turn back when his crew refused to go further.^[5] It was only on the return voyage that he actually discovered the Cape of Good Hope, in May 1488. Dias returned to Lisbon in December of that year, after an absence of sixteen months.

The discovery of the passage around southern Africa was significant because, for the first time, Europeans realised they could trade directly with India and the other parts of Asia, bypassing the overland route through the Middle East, with its expensive middlemen. The official report of the expedition has been lost.

Bartolomeu Dias originally named the Cape of Good Hope the "Cape of Storms" (Cabo das Tormentas). It was later renamed (by King John II of Portugal) the Cape of Good Hope (Cabo da Boa Esperança) because it represented the opening of a route to the east.

Follow-up voyages

Route taken by the 2nd Portuguese India armada headed by Cabral from Portugal to India in 1500 (in red), and the return route (in blue), connecting the Americas, Africa and Asia for the first time. The route taken by Diogo Dias, Bartolomeu Dias's brother, after becoming separated from the fleet in the storm near the Cape, circumnavigating Madagascar and doubling the Horn of Africa (Somalia), is not shown. On the outward journey, several sailors perished in the same huge storm near the Cape, including Bartolomeu Dias, in the region of his first great discovery

After these early attempts, the Portuguese took a decade-long break from Indian Ocean exploration. During that hiatus, it is likely that they received valuable information from a secret agent, Pêro da Covilhã, who had been sent overland to India and returned with reports useful to their navigators.^[6]

Using his experience with explorative travel, Dias helped in the construction of the São Gabriel and its sister ship, the São Rafael that were used by Vasco da Gama to circumnavigate the Cape of Good Hope and continue the route to India. Dias only participated in the first leg of Da Gama's voyage, until the Cape Verde Islands. He was then one of the captains of the second Indian expedition, headed by Pedro Álvares Cabral. This flotilla first reached the coast of Brazil, landing there in 1500, and then continued eastwards to India. Dias perished near the Cape of Good Hope that he presciently had named Cape of Storms. Four ships encountered a huge storm off the cape and were lost, including Dias', on 29 May 1500. A shipwreck found in 2008 by the Namdeb Diamond Corporation off Namibia was at first thought to be Dias' ship;^[7] however, recovered coins come from a later time.^[8]

Personal life

Bartolomeu Dias was married and had two children:

• Simão Dias de Novais, who died unmarried and without issue.
• António Dias de Novais, a Knight of the Order of Christ, married to (apparently his relative, since the surname Novais was transmitted through her brother's offspring) Joana Fernandes, daughter of Fernão Pires and wife Guiomar Montês (and sister of Brites Fernandes and Fernão Pires, married to Inês Nogueira, daughter of Jorge Nogueira and wife, and had issue). Dias' grandson Paulo Dias de Novais was a Portuguese coloniser of Africa in the 16th century. Dias' granddaughter, Guiomar de Novais married twice, as his second wife to Dom Rodrigo de Castro, son of Dom Nuno de Castro and wife Joana da Silveira, by whom she had Dona Paula de Novais and Dona Violante de Castro, both died unmarried and without issue, and to Pedro Correia da Silva, natural son of Cristóvão Correia da Silva, without issue.

See also

• Dias Cross Memorial
• Diogo Cão
• Diogo Dias

References

1. Bio. "Bartolomeu Dias". Retrieved 8 December 2015.
2. The Anonymous Narrative, p. 61.
3. "Bartolomeu Dias". infoplease. Sandbox Networks, Inc. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
4. Alchin KL, from Elizabethan Era. "Bartholomeu Dias". Retrieved 28 March 2014.
5. Spoken, Howard (2006). The World's History (Third ed.). New Jersey, U.S.: Prentice Hall. p. 444.
6. David Fromkin (2000), The Way of the World, Vintage Books (New York, U.S.), p. 117.
7. "Namibia finds treasure shipwreck". BBC News. 1 May 2008. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
8. "Destroços descobertos no Atlântico sul devem ser de barco português". Público (in Portuguese). 4 May 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008.

Further reading

• Ernst Georg Ravenstein, William Brooks Greenlee, Pero Vaz de Caminha (2010), Bartolomeu Dias.

External links

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Bartolomeu Dias". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
• Catholic Encyclopedia