Basilica di San Giulio

Outside of the basilica

The basilica di San Giulio is a church rising up on the small Isola San Giulio in the center of Lake Orta, north-western Italy. It has the status of a minor basilica.[1] Althoughthe island is part of the Orta San Giulio municipality, the basilica belongs to the San Giacomo parish, including the island and a portion of the west coast of the lake in San Maurizio d'Opaglio municipality.

History

According to tradition, it is the hudrendth and last church founded by Julius of Novara and his brother Giuliano, both natives of Aegina in Greece, who dedicated their late life to evangelize Lake Orta. Legend has it that around year 390 the saint reached the island sailing on his cloack and freeing it from dragons (symbols of paganism); after the defeat of the monsters he built a small church devoted to the Twelve Apostles. In the Early Middle Ages the strategic position made the island an important defensive point; first it was the abode of a Lombard duke, then Berengar II of Italy built a castle there. The construction of the castle is sometimes attributed to Onorato, bishop of Novara. Wars and military necessities conditioned the development of the church both as a result of damage suffered during the sieges and because some structures were reused as military buildings: the ancient octagonal castle tower, demolished in 1841 in order to allow the construction of the seminary, was probably built on the baptistery.

Archaeological digs inside the church found traces of an ancient basilica (5th to 6th century), a small north oriented chapel with a single apse. Around a century later a new church was built, bigger and correctly oriented, still with a single apse. It is supposed that the wars occurred in 962, when the fortress (occupied by Queen Willa, Beregar's wife) was besieged by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor; this may have damaged the early Middle Ages church. The modern church, constructed in the 12th century, is Romanesque, with a nave and two aisles, but was modified in the following centuries. Inside there is a precious 12th-century Romanesque ambon (sculpted in green serpentine marble) supported by four more ancient columns. It is decorated with the symbols of the Four Evangelists, scenes of struggle between good and evil and a male figure that maybe represents William of Volpiano, born on the island in 962. Other and more recent interpretations say otherwise.

Description

Outside

The façade seen from the lake

The façade of the church is visible from the lake or from the square in front, which now is part of the monastery of benedictines nuns. It is romanesque, despite the modifications occurred in the XVI century, that include a pronaos and a serliana window on top of it. Two pilasters frame the entrance up to the roof: they divide the façade in three allowing to foresee the inner structure of the church; in the center part there are a crossed window and a Lombard band running along the roof. The two lateral parts end with towers (XII century) with mullioned windows and cotto archivolt.

The entrance for the visitors of the basilica is on the meridionali side, almost entirely hidden by the ancient Bishop palace (today nuns monastery); it can be reached from the jetty through a renaissance portal and a vaulted stair. The basilica has three apsides (one entirely hidden by the sacristy); the central one is constructed with ashlars and decorated with a lombard band.

The octagonal Lantern tower was already present in romanesque age: it has been modified in the late XVIII century.

The romanesque bell tower is near the apsides and it is decorated with mullioned windows in the upper part. The style of the bell tower is similar to the one in the Abbey of Fruttuaria.[2]

Inside

Inside

The basilica's nave and isels are covered with groin vaults. It is possible to see the two matronei in the aisles: they can be reached from two spiral staircases inside the two small bell towers flanking the façade.

Many of other the architectonical elements are due to the renovation of the 17th to 18th century: the building of an inner nartex connecting the two matronei and the construction of the crypt (1697), with three little aisles preserving the remains of Saint Julius. The crypt is reachable thanks to two stairs aside the above-ground presbitery.

The Baroque look is due to the decorations in the apse semi-dome and in the central aisle vaults: there are frescos by Carlo Borsetti representing the Trinity, the Ascent and glory of Saint Julius with Elijah, Demetrius, Philibert of Jumièges and Audenzio, all buried in the church together with the patron saint. In the left chapel (so called Assumption chapel) there is a painting by Francesco del Cairo of the Assumption of Mary; in the transept there is the great canvas Saint Julius meets Saint Audenzio by Giuseppe Zanatta and Saint Julius subjugating the wolf by Giorgio Bonola.

More ancient art pieces are represented by the Romanesque ambon and by the frescos on the lateral aisles' walls and on the church's pillars, dating back to 14th to 16th century.

In the chapel at the bottom of the left aisle, above the altar there is the beautiful wooden group representing the Calvary with the statues of the Virgin Mary, John the Apostle and the crucifix.[3]

The Romanesque ambon

The romanesque ambon (early XII century)

Built in grey-green serpentine coming from the near cave in Oira,[4] it dates back to the early XII century. It has a squared drawing with four columns sustaining the parapet, whose base is decorated with Acanthus leaves. The four columns are different one from each other: two have smooth shaft, while the other two are decorated with twisted motives: of particular note are the leaves and animal head-decorated capitals. On the parapet, counter-clockwise, are represented: a Centaur bow hunting a deer hunted by two wild beasts; the Tetramorph and a Griffin biting a crocodile's tail. The two fighting scenes, with typical figures of the medieval bestiaries, mean the struggle between good and evil.[5]

Between Mark the Evangelist's lion and John the Evangelist's eagle there is a male figure with a cloak and hands placed on a tau shaped walking stick: many critics have discussed who the figure might be; one interpretation suggests that it is William of Volpiano, born on the island and venerated as saint.[6]

The frescos on the aisles

Sperindio Cagnola, Madonna on the throne with baby Jesus among the saints Sebastian, Jack, Julius and Rocco and a devotee

On the walls of the aisles there are many frescos painted as thanksgiving by the commissioners: these paintings were made between the second half of the 14th century and the early 16th century.[7]

The most ancient painting is probably the Martyr of Saint Laurence on the second left pillar. On the pillars there are also Anthony the Great, Martin of Tours, Domninus of Fidenza, Saint Christopher, Julius of Novara, Audenzio, Dorothea of Caesarea, Fermo, Saint Apollonia, Saint Nicholas, Leonard of Noblac. The two frescos Saint Fermo and Saint Apollonia and Saint Julius hugging Saint Audenzio are clearly inspired by the style of Gaudenzio Ferraris.

In the second and third bay of the right aisle there are frescos made by painters from Novara in the late 15th or early 16th century.

In the second right bay: in the rib vaults Doctors of the Church with the Evangelists' symbols; on the wall Virgin Mary in throne with baby Jesus among Saint Sebastian, Saint James, Saint Julius, Saint Roch and a devotee.[8]

In the third bay there are frescos dating back to the XV century. In the rib vaults Doctors of the Church; on the wall Nativity of Jesus, Saint Cosmas and Damian, Saint Sebastian, Saint Roch, Saint James, Catherine of Alexandria ad Saint Blaise[9]

On the left nave's wall there is a big fresco representing in the upper part the Trinity and, in the lower part Stories of Saint Julius.

Pipe organ

Along the left wall of the central aisle there is the pipe organ made by Mascioni.[10]

The instrument has two consoles, both with 58 notes keyboards and a 30 notes pedal keyboard.

Bibliography

See also

References

  1. ↑ Catholic.org Basilicas in Italy
  2. ↑ AA.VV, L'arte romanica in Piemonte, Val d'Aosta e Liguria, Edizioni Angolo Manzoni, Turin, 2000, p. 274
  3. ↑ Guglielmetti, Angela, Scultura lignea nella diocesi di Novara tra '400 e '500. Proposta per un catalogo. Novara, Provincia di Novara, 2000
  4. ↑ Anna Maria Cànopi OSB, op. cit., p. 42
  5. ↑ Anna Maria Cànopi OSB, op. cit., p. 42
  6. ↑ Beatrice Canestro Chiovenda, L'isola di San Giulio sul lago d'Orta, Fondazione Arch. Enrico Monti, Milan, 1994
  7. ↑ "Informations about the Basilica". http://www.fondazione-isper.eu. Retrieved 12 August 2015. External link in |website= (help)
  8. ↑ Anna Maria Cànopi OSB, Basilica di San Giulio. Abbazia Mater Ecclesiae, Editrice Velar, Gorle (Bergamo), p. 37
  9. ↑ "Iconography of Saint Sebastian". www.sansebastiano.com. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  10. ↑ The pipe organ on the Mascioni site

Coordinates: 45°47′44″N 8°23′58″E / 45.7955°N 8.3994°E / 45.7955; 8.3994

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