Basque National Liberation Movement Prisoners

Basque National Liberation Movement Prisoners are all those people who have been jailed, placed on remand, or otherwise kept in lawful custody due to their activity in support of the Basque National Liberation Movement (MLNV using the Spanish abbreviation).

Most individuals linked to the MLNV currently serving out their sentences in jails in Spain, France and other countries are members of Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), and have been convicted of a range of crimes such as murder, attempted murder, participating in terrorism, kidnapping or for being members of ETA. Others are not members of ETA but have been jailed for collaborating with it, or have been convicted of other crimes such as belonging to illegal organizations like Gestoras pro Amnistía or SEGI, belonging to or trying to rebuild banned political parties such as Askatasuna and Batasuna, participating in Kale borroka, or for the public glorification or apology of terrorism, an offense incorporated into the Spanish criminal code in 1995, which carries a sentence of up to two years. Many supporters of Abertzale groups consider ETA and MLNV convicts currently in Spanish and French prisons to be political prisoners, the majority of whom are represented by the Basque Political Prisoners Collective (EPPK under it's Basque acronym). Some organizations like Etxerat have spent many years campaigning for a general amnesty to be granted to all these prisoners.

Since the late 1960's tens of thousands of MLNV activists have been detained, and several thousands of those imprisoned. Up until 2003 an estimated 30,000 activists had been arrested, 8,172 of whom were accused of being members of ETA.[1]

A notable convicted MLNV leader who has not been directly involved in terrorist activities was Arnaldo Otegi, who was released in March 2016 after four years in jail. Over the past years, Otegi has been convicted of multiple offenses including glorifying terrorism, being an ETA member and attempting to re-establish an outlawed organization (Batasuna).[2]

History

The number of prisoners related to the Basque National Liberation Movement has varied over the years as can be seen in the following bar chart. It begins in 1978, after the amnesty of 1977, which made it illegal to bring to trial any Franco era crime, and also gave amnesty to all prisoners who had committed crimes with a political root during Franco's dictatorship and the Spanish transition to democracy.[3][4]

The data for the bar chart comes from Etxerat, the association of family members of these prisoners,[5][6][7][8] and the EPPK (Euskal Preso Politikoen Kolektiboa).[9] However it should be noted that some prisoners choose not to be part of Etxerat, or have been expelled, and so the number of Basque National Liberation Movement prisoners is approximately 7% more than these figures. For example, in 2005 Etxerat reported 507 prisoners were held in Spanish prisons, while the Spanish prison service stated that there were 544 related to ETA.[10]

For consistency the Etxerat figures have been used in the bar chart and they give a good indication of how the number of prisoners has changed over the years.

Current situation

According to Etxerat there are currently 427 people imprisoned due their activities in support of ETA or organizations linked to ETA. One is in Portugal, 91 in France and the remaining 335 are in Spain. Four are under house arrest, with the rest being held in prisons. 63 are women, and five of these have babies with them.[5]

Dispersion policy

Clairvaux
Fleury Merogis
Fresnes
Arles
Bapaume
Lannemezan
Liancourt
Mont de Marsan
Moulins-Yzeure
Nanterre
Osny
Poitiers
Poissy
Rennes
Roanne
Saint-Martin-de-Re
La Moreleja
Lyon Corbas
Muret
Reau Sud Francilien
Saint Maur
Villepinte
Bois D'Arcy
Logroño
Mansilla de las Mulas
El Dueso
Navalcarnero
Soria
Zuera
Basauri
Zaballa
Burgos
Villanubla
Meaux
Daroca
Tarascon
Alencon
Uzerche

In 1989 the Spanish government began a policy of dispersion of Basque prisoners throughout Spain. The purpose was to restrict communication between ETA and its prisoners and to demoralise them.[11] At the beginning some prisoners were even sent to North Africa and the Canary Islands, but during ETA's ceasefire in the late 1990s those prisoners were brought back to the mainland, and even after the ceasefire ended they were kept there. Several times prisoners have been brought nearer to the Basque Country as a response to an ETA ceasefire. For example, in September 1999, 105 prisoners were sent to prisons nearer the Basque Country in response to ETA maintaining its ceasefire for over a year.[12] However, prisoners have also been sent further away in response to ETA violence.

The policy has been maintained over the years, generally sending the more dangerous or high ranking individuals to prisons furthest from the Basque Country.[13]

2014 marked the 25th anniversary of this policy, which has been hailed as a great success by the Spanish government, especially in the light of the 2011 declaration by ETA of a permanent ceasefire.[14] France has taken a similar approach, spreading the prisoners throughout the French prison system.

The families of the prisoners view this policy as punishing them, as they are forced to travel large distances to visit their imprisoned relatives. They say that the distances they need to travel cause stress, is financially draining and that every year there are accidents involving family members while traveling to or from prisons.

The maps below show where current prisoners are held.

Seville II
Albocasser
Teruel
Soria
Soto del Real
Topas
Picassent
Villanubla
Villabona
Villena
A Lama
Alcalá-Meco
Botafuego
Almeria
Aranjuez
Badajoz
Brieva
Burgos
Caceres
Monsanto
Daroca
El Dueso
Alcolea
Herrera de la Mancha
Huelva
Jaén
Albolote
La Moraleja
Logroño
Mansilla de las Mulas
Monterroso
Murcia
Navalcarnero
Ocaña
Puerto
Segovia
Zuera
Alicante
Basauri
Zaballa
Lannemezan
Mont de Marsan
Arles
Muret
Teixeiro
Estremera
Castellon
Prisons where Basque National Liberation Movement prisoners are imprisoned.

There have been many demonstrations calling for all these prisoners to be moved to prisons in the Basque Country.[15] Currently there is a highly publicised campaign calling for this. Its slogan is "Euskal presoak- Euskal Herrira" ("Basque prisoners- to the Basque Country"). It has widespread support within the Basque Country.[16][17] Ill prisoners also regularly ask to be transferred to prisons in the Basque country.[18] However, in the rest of Spain, there is a strong rejection of this campaign. Mariano Rajoy, the Prime Minister of Spain, said in 2011 that he would not consider ending the policy until ETA declares its disbandment.[19]

EPPK

Euskal Preso Politikoen Kolektiboa (EPPK) is a collective which speaks and negotiates for, and has as members the majority of these prisoners.

Originally this role was played by La Comisión Pro Amnistía and La Gestora Pro Amnistía, both of which were dissolved after the general amnesty in 1978.[20] In 1979 Gestoras pro Amnistía was created to take their place. After this was made illegal in 2001 Askatasuna took on the role,[21] but was itself made illegal in 2002.[22] In 2008 twenty-one members who had run Gestoras pro Amnistía were jailed for between 8 and 10 years each.[23][24] In 2011 the former head of Askatasuna, Oihana Agirre was given a 12-year sentence.[25]

Since the illegalization of Askatasuna the EPPK and Etxerat have spoken for the prisoners and campaigned for amnesty to be granted to them. The EPPK is said to control prisoners strictly and demand they follow its orders. Prisoners who refuse orders from the EPPK have been ostracized.[26]

It is thought there are broadly 2 groups within the prisoner population. One group has long sentences yet to serve, who would prefer a group negotiation for amnesty. The other group consists of prisoners with less time to serve before being released, and they might be interested in applying for better conditions or for limited release.[26][27]

In 2012 the EPPK was criticized by former prisoners for insisting on amnesty for all prisoners and denying many prisoners the option of improving their own situation through other legal means.[28] In December 2013 the EPPK announced that it was dropping its long standing demand for amnesty of all prisoners, and so opened the door for prisoners to negotiate individually for better conditions.[26]

However, in July 2014 it was reported that no member of the EPPK had begun individual negotiations, and it was believed that the EPPK was still following an alternative strategy. [27]

High-profile prisoners

Rafael Díez Usabiaga, who was previously a member of the Basque Parliament and also of the Spain's Congress of Deputies, has been in prison since 2011.[29] He was given a 10-year sentence, but on 9 May 2012 had his sentence reduced to 6½ years by the Supreme Court of Spain when it decided that he was not a leading member of ETA.[30][31][32]

Until March 2016 Arnaldo Otegi, who was convicted with Usabiaga, was also held in prison. The campaign for his release received support from Desmond Tutu and José Mujica, amongst others.[33]

Hunger strikes

There have been many hunger strikes by Basque prisoners. None have led to the death of a prisoner.

Here is a list of some of them:

'Via Nanclares'

'Via Nanclares' is a project to allow ETA prisoners to gain better conditions in prison and eventually to be released on condition they fulfill certain conditions. The core of these conditions is that they distance themselves from ETA, ask for forgiveness, and agree to pay compensation for their actions. Its purpose is to break the control the EPPK (Euskal Preso Politikoen Kolektiboa) has over these prisoners and the strict discipline it imposes.[73] Part of this discipline for example, demanded that amnesty of all prisoners was to be sought, and that individuals could not seek ways to reduce their own sentences. Anyone doing so would be ostracized. The 'Via Nanclares' project was thought up by Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba and set in motion by the then Prime Minister José Luis Zapatero in 2009.[74] It takes its name from the old Nanclares de Oca prison in the Basque Country, where these prisoners were to be sent. In 2011 that prison was replaced by the new 720 cell Zaballa prison, built close to it.[75]

With the change of government in Madrid in November 2011 the 'Via Nanclares' was temporarily closed, but is now in use again. It requires prisoners to:

When ETA declared its permanent ceasefire in 2011 twenty two prisoners had opted for this option.[77] However, Mikel Buesa claimed that 68 prisoners had started the 'Via Nanclares' by 2012, with 30 managing to be sent to Nanclares prison.[78] The first to be released through the 'Via Nanclares' were José Manuel Fernández Pérez de Nanclares and Fernando de Luis Astarloa in 2012.[79] Prisoners who have chosen this way to improve their conditions have all found themselves ostracized by the radical nationalist community they were formally part of.[26] Many prisoners have been reluctant to pursue the 'Via Nanclares' for this reason.

The 'Via Nanclares' was closed at the end of 2011 when the Partido Popular won the general election. The new government initiated a different project to rehabilitate prisoners, but only one person used it.[74]

In 2014 Spanish judges opened up the way for prisoners, who had been on the 'Via Nanclares' when the project was stopped, to continue the process. So far 3 have been given permission to leave prison during daytime, and a further 8 have been given permission to spend 18 days away from the prison in every 6-month period.[74]

The Parot doctrine

Main article: Parot doctrine

In October 2013 the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) condemned Spain over its continued detention of Inés del Rio. She was due to be released in 2008 for good behaviour after 21 years in prison, but in 2006 Spain changed its rules to include what is now known as the Parot doctrine, and decided to postpone her release until 2017. The ECtHR declared that this was a violation of two articles (5 and 7) of the European Convention on Human Rights and ordered Spain to release her as soon as possible and to pay her compensation.[80] The following day, on 21 October 2013, she was released from prison.[81]

The Spanish government complained that this ruling would mean they would have to release dozens of ETA prisoners. In November 2013 Spain began releasing other prisoners,[82] and in the end a total of 61 prisoners were released in the wake of this court ruling,[83] including one being held temporarily in a prison in the UK.[84]

There were several large protests held in Spain against the ruling by the ECtHR which were organised by the Association of Victims of Terrorism.[85]

Torture

Generally speaking, torture almost always takes place in secret and so it is difficult to know if it has taken place or not.[86] Although members of the Spanish state apparatus have been convicted for mistreatment, torture and even murder of ETA members, the veracity of many torture allegations and the degree to which it occurs is subject to controversy.

Between 1977 and 2002 there were approximately 5300 claims of torture having been carried out by police on ETA prisoners.[1] Since then there have been hundreds more accusations. Allegations of torture are mostly related to threats and beatings, and then to lesser degrees to suffocation, forced body positions, undressing and physical exercises.[87] A study of 112 Basques held incommunicado between 2000-2005, conducted by the Basque Institute for Legal Medicine and based on testimonies collected by an NGO, suggests that torture remains a serious problem in Spain. It detected different alleged torture patterns relating to different police forces. The group arrested by the Civil Guard accused this body of the most severe torture methods.[87]

According to former ETA members, the French police never submitted their prisoners to torture.[88] ETA terrorism never targeted French civilians nor security forces and France had a long-standing policy of tolerating ETA presence on its territory since the times of Franco's dictatorship. This policy changed in the late 80s when French President Miterrand decided that France would no longer be an ETA safe-haven and began co-operation with Spanish authorities and extradition of ETA-members indited for terrorism to Spain.[89]

Specific cases and convictions

One example of an alleged incident is that of Martxelo Otamendi, the editor of a Basque language newspaper Egunkaria which was subject to a precautionary closure in 2004 by a Spanish judge due to suspected links with ETA. Otamendi, among other editors was arrested by the Guardia Civil as a result of the Court order and claims to have been stripped naked, blindfolded, touched with unidentified objects around his genitals and subject to sleep deprivation and simulated execution.[90][91] Six colleagues who were detained at the same time also claimed to have experienced similar treatment. They were eventually absolved by the Spanish Audiencia Nacional (High Court) in 2010, which also criticized the Judge's decision to close the only newspaper at the time which was fully in the Basque language without more solid constitutional grounds. The Partido Popular government sued Otamendi for defamation but was eventually ordered by the European Court of Human Rights to pay Otamendi compensation for not taking his allegations seriously nor investigating them.[92]

Another example was the case of Fernando Elejalde Tapia who was arrested minutes after murdering Francisco Javier Gomez Alósegui at the door of his house. Gomez Alósegui was the psychologist of Martutene prison and a public supporter of negotiation with ETA and bringing convicts to jails close to the Basque Country.[93] Amnesty International reported concern about Elejalde Tapia as a suspected case of torture. After being arrested he was transferred to hospital with "a fractured ear drum, four broken vertebrae in his back, bruising all over his body, blackened eyes, a kidney malfunction and was in a state of semi-consciousness."[94]

Another case was that of Ms Leire Gallastegui, who claimed in 2001 to have been told to choose between "electrodes, her mother's arrest or a broom handle".[95]

In December 2010 four Civil Guard police officers were jailed for torturing two men suspected of terrorist activities.[96] The police officers were released in 2011 after appealing to the Spanish High Court, which judged the injuries sustained by the suspects to have been caused by a violent arrest.[97]

On the 13 of February 1981 Joxe Arregi, an alleged member of ETA, died of pneumonia in the hospital of Carabanchel prison after spending 9 days in police custody. The forensic report concluded that he was tortured; he showed second degree burns on the soles of his feet, as well as blows and traumas over his body. Two policemen involved in the interrogation were eventually given sentences of 3 months in prison and a two year suspension for torturing the detainee. No judgment was made in court as to whether Arregi had died as a result of the torture he received because neither the prosecutor nor the Human Rights Organization party to the case asked the judge to do so. However, a first sentence establishing no connection between torture and death was later overturned on the grounds of the contradictions found on the judge's conclusion. It was reported in the Spanish press that Arregi may have died as a result of being submitted to a torture technique called la bañera in which the victim's head is placed in a container of dirty water until he or she is obliged to breathe in the liquid which then enters the victims lungs. Santiago Brouard, doctor and member of the political party HASI at the time, speculated that it may account for Arregi's broncopneumonia.[98][44][99]

False torture allegations

Successive Spanish Governments have consistently stated that, in general terms, torture claims by Basque detainees are part of a tactic by ETA to gain political capital and sympathy as well as to bog down the legal process, rather than a systematic practice of torture by Spanish authorities. Exceptional cases of mistreatment are accepted to exist and there have been a number of trials and convictions of members of the Police and Guardia Civil for mistreatment, torture and even murder of ETA members - most notably all of those involved in the GAL paramilitary group.[100]

In 2008 a manual produced by ETA for its members was found by the Guardia Civil in the hands of ETA members Igor Portu and Mattin Sarasola, when they were arrested in the house of a third ETA member Mikel Sebastian. This manual, written entirely in the Basque language and eventually leaked to the press, was named Atxiloketari Aurre Eginez, 2º zkia (Facing Detention, Volume 2). It detailed what ETA members should do once detained by the police. According to the press, the three main directives of this document were firstly, "do not make a statement", secondly, "deny everything", and thirdly, "report torture". Starting with a first hand account of a detention process, the manual highlights the safety and comfort of court jail cells, and says a forensic doctor will visit detainees before they appear before a judge. ETA members are told that once in a court jail they need not worry about threats and blackmails made during their interrogation in the police station because they cannot be returned there. Once in the court jail the documents directs members to tell the forensic doctor that they have been tortured mentally as well as physically, and to claim that any statements they made in the police station were extracted under torture.[101] Official court papers make no mention of these details.[102]

A similar manual was confiscated from the ETA cell "Commando Araba" in 1998, recommending all ETA detainees to allege torture, reminding them that "standing behind you are the press, local, youth and international collectives and, with a bit of luck, some opportunist and doubtful political party."[103][104] However the NGO Torturaren Aurkako Taldea (TAT) has pointed out that this document is totally different in style, tone and language to other 'manuals' found in the possession of the "Commando Araba". TAT has stated that they suspect the document was created by the police.[105]

International criticism

A United Nations report written by Theo van Boven and published in February 2004 stated that the fact that detainees are held incommunicado for up to 5 days allows abuses to take place, and advised the Spanish government to make changes to this practice.[106][107]

In October 2014 the European Court of Human Rights criticised Spain for failing to protect prisoners from violence at the hands of the authorities. In particular the cases of Ms Beatriz Etxebarria Caballero, and Mr Oihan Unai Ataun Rojo were examined. It was shown that the Spanish authorities did little to investigate their claims of torture and ordered Spain to pay each compensation.[108]

Escapes

There have been numerous attempts at escaping from custody. Of the 10 successful escapes, 3 have been from hospitals.[109] The biggest involved 29 prisoners who dug a tunnel to escape Segovia prison in 1976.[110] A film has been made based on it.[111] The most recent escape was by Ibon Fernández Iradi who managed to flee the police station where he was being held in France in 2002.[112]

Reintegration into society

When prisoners are released they are currently offered help by Harrera Elkartea, an organisation created in 2012, which helps them looking for work, sorting out their finances, paperwork and other issues.[113] Some politicians have called for this organisation to be made illegal.[114]

In its first 2 years Harrera Elkartea has helped 18 ex-prisoners back into work, 45 to get their driving license, and about 40 to get dental treatment and sort out eye problems.[115]

Publications

In 2002 the Ataramiñe cultural association was set up to promote and publish literary work of these prisoners. Each year since then a book has been published compiling shorter works, and many other longer works have also been published.

Recent developments

In December 2013 the EPPK, which is the collective organisation negotiating on behalf of the prisoners, dropped its long standing demand for amnesty for all the prisoners, leaving the way open for individuals to negotiate individually for their release.[116]

Also in December 2013, ETA declared that they recognised the "suffering and damage" caused by their actions, and also acknowledged the Spanish legal system. These two declarations were key demands from Madrid before any talks could start over the conditions of the prisoners.[117]

In May 2014 the Minister of the Interior, Jorge Fernández Díaz said that the government would not consider the ending of the policy of dispersion unless ETA disbanded completely, or until the individual prisoners ask for forgiveness.[118]

In July 2014 France agreed for the first time to transfer 2 prisoners to a prison near the Basque Country.[119]

The Spanish government agreed in October 2014 to let members of ETA with Spanish nationality who are imprisoned in France, be transferred to prisons in Spain.[120]

List of current prisoners

Naming mostly follows Spanish naming customs of christian name first, followed by the surname of the father, and lastly the mother's surname. The surnames which include the word 'de' are examples of compound surnames from Álava. French citizens just have one surname.

Prison Name Sex
FRANCE
Alencon Jon Salaberria Sansinea M
-
Arles Garikoitz Aspiazu Rubina M
Iñaki Lopez de Bergara Astola M
-
Bapaume Alaitz Aramendi Jaunarena F
Oilana Garmendia Marin F
-
Bois D'Arcy Iurgi Garitagoitia Salegi M
Andoni Lariz Bustindui M
-
Clairvaux Asier Bengoa López de Armentia M
Aitzol Etxaburu Artetxe M
-
Fleury Merogis Marina Bernadó Bonada F
Tomas Elgorriaga Kunze M
Ibon Goieaskoetxea Arronategi M
Andoni Goikoetxea Gabirondo M
Joseba Iturbide Otxoteko M
Jose Javier Oses Carrasco M
Ainhoa Ozaeta Mendikute F
Itziar Plaza Fernandez F
Iñaki Reta Frutos M
Ramon Sagarzazu Gaztelumendi M
-
Fresnes Saul Curto Lopez M
Ekhiñe Eizagirre Zubiaurre F
Ugaitz Errazkin Telleria M
Xabier Goienetxe Iragorri M
Oier Ibarguren Sarasola M
Enrique Lopez Jurio M
Itziar Moreno Martinez F
Eider Uruburu Zabaleta F
Iratxe Sorzabal Diaz F
-
Lannemezan Didier Agerre M
Frederic Haranburu M
Iñaki Esparza Luri M
Ibon Fernandez Iradi M
José Ramon Lete Alberdi M
Joseba Segurola Kerejeta M
-
Liancourt Jon Etxeberria Oiarbide M
Mikel Oroz Torrea M
Iban Saez de Jauregi Ortigosa M
-
Lyon Corbas Urko Labaka Larrea M
Igor Suberbiola Zumalde M
Alejandro Zobaran Arriola M
-
Meaux Kepa Arkauz Zubillaga M
Oier Gomez Mielgo M
-
Mont de Marsan Xabier Aranburu Sagarminaga M
Ruben Rivero Campo M
-
Moulins-Yzeure Javier Abaunza Martinez M
Aitzol Iriondo Yarza M
Jurdan Martitegi Lizaso M
-
Muret Ion Parot Navarro M
-
Nanterre Oilan Barandalla Goñi M
Asier Borrero Toribio M
David Pla Martin M
-
Osny Urtzi Etxeberria Aierdi M
Joseba Fernandez Aspurz M
Julen Mendizabal Elezkano M
-
Poissy Enrique Garate Galarza M
Gregorio Vicario Setien M
-
Poitiers Raul Aduna Valinas M
Maite Aranalde Ijurko F
Izaskun Lesaka Argüelles F
Josu Urbieta Alkorta M
Montxo Arkaitz Varea Etxebarria M
-
Reau Sud Francilien Mikel Albisu Iriarte M
Mercedes Chivite Berango F
Marixol Iparragirre Genetxea F
Mikel Karrera Sarobe M
Alberto Lopez de Lacalle Gauna M
-
Rennes Alaitz Areitio Azpiri F
Lorentxa Gimon F
Maria Dolores Lopez Resina F
-
Roanne Lorentxa Beyrie F
Miren Itxaso Zaldua Iriberri F
-
Saint Martin de Re Jakes Esnal M
Fermin Martinez Bergara M
Zigor Merodio Larraona M
Ander Mujika Andonegi M
Jon Rubenach Roiz M
-
Saint Maur Jon Bienzobas Arretxe M
Zigor Garro Perez M
Alberto Ilundain Iriarte M
Juan Cruz Maiza Artola M
Asier Oiarzabal Txapartegi M
Gorka Palacios Aldai M
-
Tarascon Asier Ezeiza Aierra M
Zuhaitz Errasti Goiti M
Ekaitz Sirvent Auzmendi M
-
Uzerche Peio Eskisabel Urtuzaga M
Iñigo Sancho Marco M
-
Villepinte Arkaitz Agirregabiria del Barrio M
Oroitz Gurrutxaga Gogorza M
Igor Uriarte Lopez de Vicuña M
-
PORTUGAL
Montsanto Andoni Zengotitabengoa Fernandez M
-
SPAIN
A Lama Ibai Aginaga Ginea M
Fernando Alonso Abad M
Jose Arizkuren Ruiz M
Lierni Armendariz González de Langarika F
Aitor Herrera Vieites M
Hodei Ijurko Iroz M
Xabier Makazaga Azurmendi M
Iñaki Marin Mercero M
Gorka Martinez Ahedo M
Idoia Martinez Garcia F
Joxe Mari Olarra Agiriano M
-
Albocasser Raul Alonso Alvarez M
Alvaro Arri Pascual M
Iñaki Bilbao Beaskoetxea M
Jagoba Codo Callejo M
Juan Carlos Estevez Paz M
Julen Etxaniz Garcia M
Harriet Iragi Gurrutxaga M
Juan Ramon Karasatorre Aldaz M
Patxi Markes Zelaia M
Ugaitz Perez Zorriketa M
-
Albolote Arkaitz Agote Cillero M
Iban Apaolaza Sancho M
Jose Luis Barrios Martin M
Iñaki Beaumont Etxebarria M
Unai Bilbao Solaetxe M
Egoitz Coto Etxeandia M
Agurtzane Delgado Iriondo F
Unai Lopez de Okariz M
Imanol Miner Villanueva M
Ainhoa Mujika Goñi F
Juan Antonio Olarra Guridi M
Asier Rodriguez Lopez M
Diego Ugarte Lopez de Arkaute M
-
Alcala Meco Eneko Goieaskoetxea Arronategi M
Ibon Iparragirre Burgoa M
-
Alcolea Iñaki Alonso Rubio M
Oskar Calabozo Casado M
Iñaki Cañas Carton M
Ana Belen Egues Gurrutxaga F
Javier Gallaga Ruiz M
Ibon Muñoa Arizmendiarrieta M
Xabier Perez Aldunate M
Igor Portu Juanena M
Jon Kepa Preciado Izarra M
Xabin Usandizaga Galarraga M
Gorka Vidal Alvaro M
-
Alicante Asier Aginako Etxenagusia M
Irkus Badillo Borde M
Aitziber Coello Onaindia F
Olatz Lasagabaster Anza F
Xabier Lujanbio Galparsoro M
Tomas Madina Etxebarria M
Jorge Txokarro Zoko M
Patxi Uranga Salbide M
-
Almeria Kepa Arronategi Azurmendi M
Lexuri Gallastegi Sodupe F
Garikoitz Arruarte Santacruz M
Josu Ginea Sagasti M
Luis Goñi Lara M
Iñaki Krutxaga Elezkano M
Alberto Viedma Morillas M
Iratxe Yañez Ortiz de Barron F
-
Arranjuez Txabi Moreno Ramajo M
Olga Sanz Martin F with baby
-
Badajoz Kepa Del Hoyo Hernandez M
Gorka Fraile Iturralde M
Andoni Gabiola Goiogana M
Nerea Garaizar San Martin F
Asier Garcia Justo M
Igor Gonzalez Sola M
Iñaki Igerategi Lizarribar M
Mikel Orbegozo Etxarri M
Andoni Ugalde Zubiri M
-
Basauri Aitzol Gogorza Otaegi M
-
Botafuegos Iñigo Albisu Hernandez M
Mikel Arrieta Llopis M
Miguel Angel Benaito Villagarcia M
Carlos Cristobal Martinez M
Leire Etxeberria Simarro F
Unai Fano Aldasoro M
Jose Miguel Gaztelu Otxandorena M
Gorka Loran Lafourcade M
Eider Perez Aristizabal F
Sergio Polo Escobes M
Aurken Sola Campillo M
Jon Igor Solana Matarran M
German Urizar de Paz M
-
Brieva Oihana Agirre Garcia F
Jone Amezaga Arriaga F
-
Burgos Jesus Felipe Arriaga Ibarra M
Ekaitz Ezkerra Laspeñas M
Juan Maria Mendizabal Alberdi M
Jose Antonio Zurutuza Sarasola M
-
Caceres Iker Lima Sagarna M
Jose Maria Olabarrieta Olabarrieta M
Aitor Olaizola Baseta M
Andoni Otegi Eraso M
Mikel San Argimiro Isasa M
-
Castellon Jesus Maria Altable Etxarte M
Pedro Maria Cano Hernandez M
Orkatz Gallastegi Sodupe M
Marta Igarriz Izeta F
Zunbeltz Larrea Azpiri M
Karmelo Lauzirika Oribe M
Sergio Lezkano Bernal M
Jose Angel Otxoa de Eribe Landa M
Alicia Saez de la Cuesta F
Oskar Zelarain Ortiz M
-
Daroca Aitor Olaizola Urien M
Kemen Uranga Artola M
Oier Urrutia Gonzalez M
-
El Dueso Rafael Diez Usabiaga M
Imanol Vicente Ugalde M
-
Estremera Santi Arrozpide Sarasola M
Itziar Alberdi Uranga F
Iñaki Imaz Munduate M
Iurgi Mendinueta Mintegi M
Juan Jesus Narvaez Goñi M
Saioa Sanchez Iturregi F
-
Herrera de La Mancha Xabier Aranburu Muguruza M
Joseba Aranibar Almandoz M
Iñaki Armendariz Izagirre M
Jabi Arruabarrena Carlos M
Xabier Balerdi Ibarguren M
Joseba Erostegi Bidaguren M
Joanes Larretxea Mendiola M
Jon Lopez Gomez M
Faustino Marcos Alvarez M
Felipe San Epifanio San Pedro M
Jon Mirena San Pedro Blanco M
-
Huelva Aritz Arginzoniz Zubiaurre M
Nerea Bengoa Ziarsolo F
Juan Carlos Besance Zugasti M
Bittor Franco Martinez M
Irantzu Gallastegi Sodupe F
Francisco Xabier Garcia Gaztelu M
Fernando Garcia Jodra M
Sebastian Lasa Mendiaraz M
Angel Lopez Anta M
Aitzol Maurtua Eguren M
Iker Olabarrieta Colorado M
Patxi Ruiz Romero M
-
Jaen Beñat Aginagalde Ugartemendia M
Oihane Bakedano Maidagan F
Beatriz Etxebarria Caballero F
Aitor Fresnedo Gerrikabeitia M
Aitor Garcia Aliaga M
Iñaki Goienetxe Alonso M
Premin Sanpedro Larrañaga M
Mattin Sarasola Yarzabal M
Iñigo Zapirain Romano M
-
La Moraleja Asier Karrera Arenzana M
Oier Lorente Aspiazu M
Juan Mari Maiezkurrena Urkizu M
Lander Maruri Basagoitia M
-
Logroño Santiago Aragon Iroz M
Eneko Etxaburu Markuerkiaga M
-
Mansilla de las Mulas Iker Araguas Jusue M
Olga Comes Arranbillet F
Aitor Fernandez Terceño M
Aitor Franco Gonzalez M
Mikel Korta Carrion M
Arkaitz Landaberea Torremotxa M
Juan Carlos Subijana Izquierdo M
-
Monterroso Ibai Aiensa Laborda M
Mikel Aiensa Laborda M
Endika Lejarzegi Olabarrieta M
Juan Ignacio Otaño Labaka M
Kepa Zubizarreta Balboa M
-
Murcia 1 Gorka Martinez Arkarazo M
Jose Maria Novoa Arroniz M
Francisco Jose Ramada Estevez M
Ekaitz Samaniego Curiel M
Joseba Segurola Beobide M
-
Murcia 2 Ramon Aldasoro Magunazelaia M
Oier Andueza Antxia M
Josu Arkauz Arana M
Javier Atristain Gorosabel M
Oskar Cadenas Lorente M
Oier Goitia Abadia M
Ainoa Garcia Montero F
Mikel Izpura Garcia M
Urko Labeaga Garcia M
Mikel San Sebastian Gaztelumendi M
Jon Troitiño Ciria M
-
Navalcarnero Egoi Alberdi Casanova M
Franco Jabier Balda Araña M
-
Ocaña 1 Aitor Esnaola Dorronsoro M
Aratz Gomez Larrañaga M
Juan Carlos Herrador Pouso M
Iñaki Lerin Sanchez M
Anartz Oiartzabal Ubierna M
Mikel Otegi Unanue M
-
Ocaña 2 Jesus Maria Lopez Gonzalez M
Karlos Trenor Dicenta M
-
Picassent 2 Alex Belasko Armendariz M
Juan Maria Mujika Dorronsoro M
Balbino Saenz Olarra M
Manex Zubiaga Bravo M
-
Picassent 3 Mikel Azurmendi Peñagarikano M
Asier Badiola Lasarte M
Josune Balda Arruti F
Ainhoa Barbarin Iurrebaso F
Jose Camacho Elizondo M
Luis Angel Galarza Quirce M
Garikoitz Garcia Arrieta M
Jon Gonzalez Gonzalez M
Oskarbi Jauregi Amondarain F
Sara Majarenas Ibarreta F with baby
Asier Mardones Esteban M
Idoia Mendizabal Mujika F and baby
Guillermo Merino Bilbao M
Josune Oña Ispizua F and baby
Maite Pedrosa Barrenetxea F
-
Puerto 1 Agustin Almaraz Larriñaga M
Julen Atxurra Egurrola M
Fernando Elejalde Tapia M
Iñigo Guridi Lasa M
Sebastian Gurtubai Sanchez M
Iñigo Gutierrez Carrillo M
Jose Angel Lerin Sanchez M
Zigor Orbe Sevillano M
Josu Ordoñez Fernandez M
Arkaitz Saez Arrieta M
Jon Urretabizkaia Saukillo M
Xabier Zabalo Beitia M
Jon Zubiaurre Agirre M
-
Puerto 3 Aitor Agirrebarrena Beldarrain M
Oskar Barreras Diaz M
Ibai Beobide Arza M
Iñaki Bilbao Goikoetxea M
Manex Castro Zabaleta M
Aitor Cotano Sinde M
Jose Maria Dorronsoro Malaxetxebarria M
Joseba Enbeita Ortuondo M
Jesus Maria Etxeberria Garaikoetxea M
Jose Maria Matanzas Gorostizaga M
Hendri Unai Parot Navarro M
Daniel Pastor Alonso M
Xabier Rey Urmeneta M
Arantza Zulueta Amutxastegi F
-
Segovia Jon Enparantza Agirre M
-
Sevilla Iker Agirre Bernadal M
Gurutz Agirresarobe Pagola M
Iñaki Arakama Mendia M
Rufino Arriaga Arruabarrena M
Asier Arzalluz Goñi M
Juan Maria Etxabarri Garro M
Garikoitz Etxeberria Goikoetxea M
Jesus Goikoetxea Garralda M
Roberto Lebrero Panizo M
Iñigo Vallejo Franco M
-
Soria Mikel Arretxe Salbide M
Jose Antonio Etxeberria Arbelaitz M
Xabier Sagardoi Lana M
-
Soto del Real Luis Iruretagoiena Lanz M
-
Teixeiro Zigor Blanco Santisteban M
Joseba Borde Gaztelumendi M
Zigor Bravo Saez de Urbain M
Gregorio Eskudero Balerdi M
Jesus Maria Gomez Ezkerro M
Luis Mariñelarena Garziandia M
Andoni Murga Zenarruzabeitia M
Jorge Olaiz Rodriguez M
Sebastian Prieto Jurado M
Emilio Salaberria Etxebeste M
-
Teruel Asier Ormazabal Lizeaga M
-
Topas Josune Arriaga Martinez F
Gaizka Astorkizaga Arriaga M
Jon Crespo Ortega M
Jose Miguel Etxeandia Meabe M
Iñaki Etxeberria Martin M
Unai Hernandez Sistiaga M
Juan Manuel Inziarte Gallardo M
Maitane Linazasoro Lopez F
Gorka Lupiañez Mintegi M
Xabier Ugarte Billar M
-
Villabona Alexander Bustindui Urresola M
Ibon Esteban Scaloni M
Sebas Etxaniz Alkorta M
Jose Ramon Lopez de Abetxuko Liki M
Javier Sadaba Merino M
-
Villanubla Gotzon Amaro Lopez M
Arkaitz Antza Illarreta M
Adur Fernandez Arratibel M
Jose Antonio Galarraga Arrona M
Nahikari Otaegi Tena F and baby
Alfontso Sebastian Iriarte M
-
Villena Gotzon Aranburu Sudupe M
Joseba Arregi Erostarbe M
Jose Lorenzo Ayestaran Legorburu M
Elena Beloki Resa F
Ismael Berasategi Eskudero M
Raul Fuentes Villota M
Arkaitz Goikoetxea Basabe M
Juan Carlos Iglesias Chouza M
Maria Lizarraga Merino F
Xabier Tximeno Inza M
Fermin Vila Mitxelena M
Maialen Zuazo Aurrekoetxea F
-
Zaballa Aitor Bores Gutiérrez[121] M
Rafael Caride Simon[122] M
Luis Carrasco Aseguinolaza[123] M
Ibon Etxezarreta Etxaniz[124] M
Carmen Guisasola Solozábal[125] F
Idoia López Riaño[126] F
Jesus Maria Martin Hernando M
José Ignacio Picabea Burunza[127] M
Joseba Urrusolo Sistiaga[128] M
Most of the prisoners in Zaballa prison are not on the Etxerat list because they have been expelled from the organisation.
-
Zuera Juan Luis Agirre Lete M
Iñaki Bilbao Gaubeka M
Kepa Etxeberria Sagarzazu M
Iñaki Garces Beitia M
Kepa Legina Aurre M
Igor Martinez de Osaba Arregi M
Francisco Mujika Garmendia M
Asier Uribarri Benito M
Jose Jabier Zabaleta Elosegi M
-
House Arrest Jose Ramon Foruria Zubialde M
Mikel Gil Cervera M
Belen Gonzalez Peñalva F
Milagros Ioldi Mujika F

Last updated: 5 May 2016
Source: Etxerat

References

  1. 1 2 "DATOS SIGNIFICATIVOS DEL CONFLICTO VASCO, 1968–2003". Euskonews. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  2. "Mujeres de Amaiur, PSE, PNV y EB piden la libertad de Otegi". Diario Vasco newspaper. 13 May 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  3. "Ley 46/1977, de 15 de octubre, de amnistía.". Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  4. "Amnistia: Texto integro de la Ley Aprobada". La Vanguadia. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  5. 1 2 "Listado/Direcciones". Etxerat. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  6. "EPPK: 527 Presos en 81 Cárceles". El Mundo 29 December 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  7. "Dossier que recoge los sucesos que se han dado en las cárceles en diciembre". Etxerat. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  8. "Monthly report October 2013". Etxerat, 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  9. "Kideak". EPPK. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  10. "Más de 660 activistas de ETA en prisión". especiales.ideal.es. Originally an ABC newspaper article, 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  11. "Documentos incautados en 1993..." (PDF). La Vanguardia, 12 July 1997. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  12. "Interior decide acercar a 105 presos...". El Mundo, 7 September 1999, Spanish. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  13. "El Mapa de los presos de ETA". La Razón, 3 August 2010, Spanish. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  14. "Eta declares permanent ceasefire". The Guardian, 10 January 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  15. "Thousands protest over Basque prisoners". BBC News, 28 November 1998. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  16. "Thousands of Basque Protesters march for ETA prisoners...". The Japan Times, 12 January 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  17. "Huge march in Spain after ban on Eta prisoner rally.". BBC News, 11 January 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  18. "Aged and sick ETA prisoners request transfer to northern Spanish prisons.". Spanish News Today, 12 March 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  19. "Rajoy no revisará la dispersion de presos.....". La Razon, 31 December 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  20. "La gestora pro amnistía, diezmada". El Pais, 11 December 1977. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  21. "Nace Askatasuna de la fusión de Gestoras....". El País, 17 December 2001. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  22. "Garzón declara ilegales las organizaciones...". El Pais, 5 February 2002, Spanish. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  23. "El juez ordena el ingreso en prisión de 12....". El Pais, 17 September 2008, Spanish. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  24. "El Supremo confirma la....". El Mundo, 16 October 2009, Spanish. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  25. "La Fiscalía pide 12 años de cárcel para Agirre". Gara, 13 January 2011, Spanish. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  26. 1 2 3 4 "La caída de Zulueta sume al EPPK en el.....". Europapress, 1 June 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
  27. 1 2 "Erkoreka dice que "ninguno" de los presos......". 20minutes.es, 8 July 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  28. "Los presos de la ‘vía Nanclares’ cargan contra los.....". El Pais, 10 June 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  29. "Los jueces dan otro golpe a Batasuna....". El Pais, 19 September 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  30. "El Supremo rebaja la condena de Otegi....". rtve.es, 9 May 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  31. "Tribunal Supremo, Sala de lo Penal." (PDF). Spanish Supreme Court, 7 May 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  32. "El Supremo mantiene a Otegi en prisión por un voto de diferencia". El Pais newspaper, 9 May 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  33. "Global campaign demands: ‘Free Otegi, bring Basque prisoners home’". emmaclancy.com. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  34. "Trece presos de Basauri inician huelga de hambre.". La Vanguardia, 28 June 1974. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  35. "Finaliza la huelga de hambre de various reclusos de la carcel de Basauri.". La Vanguardia, 13 July 1974. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  36. "Termina la huelga de hambre en la carcel de Zaragoza". La Vanguardia, 8 October 1974. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  37. "Bilbao: Trece en la carcel de Basauri". La Vanguardia, 4 October 1974. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  38. "Zaragoza: Prosigue la huelga de hambre de detenidos de ETA". La Vanguardia, 14 December 1974. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  39. "Doce miembros de ETA iniciaron una huelga de hambre en el Penal de Burgos". La Vanguardia, 22 September 1976. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  40. "Burgos: Once presos de ETA inician una huelga de hambre". La Vanguardia, 15 December 1976. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  41. "Quince presos continúan en huelga de hambre.". La Vanguardia, 24 August 1977. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  42. "Fin de la Huelga de Hambre". ABC, 17/5/1978. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  43. "Cuarenta y tres Etarras y......". ABC, 8/10/1980, in Spanish. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  44. 1 2 "El informe forense reconoce que José Arregui fue torturado.". El Pais newspaper, 17 February 1981. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  45. "Huelga de Hambre". ABC, 26/9/1982. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  46. "Dos miembros de Iparretarrak...". ABC, 17/2/1984. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  47. "Ayer continuó la huelga de hambre....". ABC, 25/6/1986, in Spanish. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  48. "Huelga de hambre de presos 'etarras' en". El Pais, 7 June 1986. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  49. "Actos de protesta de los presos etarras para forzar la negociacion.". La Vanguardia, 18 November 1987. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  50. "Hospitalizados tres presos de ETA por huelga de hambre.". ABC, 7/12/1988, in Spanish. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  51. "Los Etarras presos en Herrera......". ABC, 24 April 1991, page 29. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  52. "Los Presos de ETA en huelga de hambre....". El Pais. 3 June 1992. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  53. "La prisión de Salto del Negro, amenazada por la protesta de ios presos de ETA". Diario de Las Palmas, 1 June 1992. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  54. "Nueve presos de ETA y....". La Vanguardia, 13/7/1992, in Spanish. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  55. "Preso de ETA inician hoy una huelga de hambre.". La Vanguardia, 4/9/1994, in Spanish. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  56. "Huelga de hambre de los presos etarras en Francia....". ABC, 8 October 1998, page 25. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  57. "Manifestaciones.". El Pais, 28/5/2000. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  58. "LOs Batasunos se manifiestan en homenaje a.....". ABC.es, 27 August 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  59. "De Juana Chaos, condenado a 12 años y seis meses....". ABC.es, 7 November 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  60. "Preparan sus traslado al hospital". elcorreodigital, 21 November 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  61. "Eta prisoner ends hunger strike". BBC news, 1 March 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  62. "Eta man begins jail hunger strike.". The Sunday Express, 17 July 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  63. "La etarra Lorentxa Gimon inicia una huelga de hambre". el Diario Vasco, 6 January 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  64. "Eta prisoners go on mass hunger strike.". The Telegraph, 25 January 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  65. "Los presos de ETA tiran la toalla y abandonan una huelga de hambre". laopiniondemurcia.es 10 November 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  66. "El exjefe de ETA preso en Francia se declara en huelga de hambre". Diario Vasco, 4 February 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  67. "Basque hunger strike spreads to French prisons.". DW, 14 August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  68. "French Eta prisoners join solidarity hunger strike.". English rfi, 15 August 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  69. "El etarra enfermo se somete a las pruebas para determinar si su estado es terminal". El Pais, 13 August 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  70. "Seville jail ETA prisoners are on hunger strike...". Acaip, 14 November 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  71. "Bins fired in the Basque Country....". Spanish News Today, 27 November 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  72. "Los presos de ETA en Sevilla II abandonan la huelga de hambre". El Pais, 28 November 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  73. "¿Que es la via Nanclares?". Libertad Digital, 26 April 2012. Spanish. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  74. 1 2 3 "La Justicia impulsa los beneficios penitenciarios para los presos de ETA". El Pais, 5 July 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  75. "La cárcel de Zaballa, un centro con 720...". Europa Press, 15 February 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  76. "La 'Via Nanclares' explicada en 10 preguntas.". elDiario.es, 15 May 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  77. "Ningun preso etarra se ha sumado a la.....". La Razon.es, 21 March 2012. Spanish. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  78. "Los Presos de ETA y el...". La Ilustracion Liberal. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  79. "Excarcelan a los dos primeras etarras de la 'Via Nanclares'". ABCdesevilla, 7 May 2012, Spanish. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  80. "European Court of Human Rights condemns Spain over Eta case.". BBC News, 21 October 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  81. "Spain releases Eta convict after European court ruling.". BBC News, 22 October 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  82. "Spain releases 8 of 9 Eta militants after court move.". BBC News, 8 November 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  83. "Impact of the "Parot" Prison Doctrine.". Rodriguez Bernal, 11 December 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  84. "Eta prisoner released from British custody...". The Guardian, 23 October 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  85. "Thousands protest in Madrid against European Court ruling....". euronews, 27 October 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  86. "Were They Tortured or Did They Make That Up?". Oñati Social-Legal Series, 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  87. 1 2 "A follow up study of allegations of ill-treatment/torture in incommunicado detainees in Spain". PubMed.gov, 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  88. Whitfield, Teresa (2014). Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. p. 286. ISBN 978-1849043465. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  89. http://www.abc.es/20110626/espana/abci-santuario-frances-201106260237.html
  90. "Former mayor accuses police of torturing Basque editor.". The Guardian, 7 March 2003. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  91. "Exdirector de Egunkaria denuncia la situación de...". Noticiasdot.com. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  92. "Rollo de Sala núm.21/05." (PDF). Juzgado Central de Instrucción núm.6. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  93. http://elpais.com/diario/1997/03/12/espana/858121201_850215.html
  94. "DOCUMENT - SPAIN: TORTURE / FEAR FOR SAFETY / MEDICAL CONCERN: FERNANDO ELEJALDE TAPIA". Amnesty International. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  95. "Basque academics call torture protest.". The Guardian, 23 May 2001. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  96. "Spanish police jailed for torture of Basque Eta members.". BBC News, 30 December 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  97. "Four Spanish police cleared of torturing Eta militants.". BBC News, 15 November 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  98. http://elpais.com/diario/1989/10/04/espana/623458815_850215.html
  99. "Sobre dónde está cada cual.". Gara newspaper, 18 February 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  100. "The torturous process of proving ETA mistreatment.". El Pais in English, 10 October 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  101. "El Manual Criminal de Portu y Sarasola.....". El Pais, 14 January 2008, in Spanish. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
  102. "Sentencia de la Audiencia Nacional 47/2010, de 1 de junio". La Audiencia NacionalCouncil. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  103. "Denunciar Torturas, de manual Etarra.....". Soitu, 1 January 2008, in Spanish. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
  104. "Denunciar Torturas, de manual Etarra.....". Soitu, 1 January 2008, in Spanish. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
  105. "La tortura y sus colaboradores". Inter-rev. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  106. "UN says Spain tortured ETA 'terrorists'". The Independent, 11 March 2004. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  107. "CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS, INCLUDING THE QUESTION OF TORTURE AND DETENTION" (PDF). United Nations Economic and Social Council. Archived from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  108. "Spain should adopt measures to protect persons held incommunicado". European Court of Human Rights, 7 October 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  109. "Diez fugas y decenas de intentos frustrados". El Mundo. Retrieved 21 Aug 2014.
  110. "SPAIN: POLICE RECAPTURE 22 OUT OF 29 ESCAPED". ITN source, 6 April 1976. Retrieved 21 Aug 2014.
  111. "Escape from Segovia". filmaffinity. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  112. "France rapped over ETA escape.". BBC News, 23 December 2002. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  113. "ETA convicts: life after ceasefire.". Euronews, 13 February 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  114. "Rosa Díez pide al fiscal general que inicie.....". El Mundo, 23 October 2013, Spanish. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  115. "Harrera destaca los avances en la reintegración....". Diario Vasco, 18 May 2014, in Spanish. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  116. "Basque prisoners' shift raises hopes for peace". The China Post, 2 January 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  117. "What now for ETA prisoner?". Euronews, 11 February 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  118. "Interior reitera que mantendrá la dispersion.....". El Mundo, 14 May 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  119. "Francia acerca al Pais Vasco a los dos primeros....". El Pais, 9 July 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  120. "El Congreso aprueba el traslado a España de.....". Diario Vasco, 31 October 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  121. "Un preso de la 'Vía Nanclares'....". El Mundo, 6 November 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  122. "Victimas de Hipercor.....". El Correo.com, 1 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
  123. "La Via Zaballa no es....". diariovasco.com, 12 March 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
  124. "El exetarra Ibon.....". ABC.es 30 July 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  125. "La Etarra arrepentida Carmen Guisasola...". elEconomista.es 19 December 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
  126. "Conceden doce dias de permiso....". ElCorreo.com 20 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  127. "El etarra Pikabea.....". ABC.es, 27 March 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
  128. "Suspenden los permisos.....". El Correo.com 18 July 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Friday, May 06, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.