Battle of Eisenach (908)

Battle of Eisenach
Part of the Hungarian invasions of Europe
Date 3 August, 908 Location Eisenach, Thuringia Result Crushing Hungarian victory
Belligerents
East Francia	Principality of Hungary
Commanders and leaders
Burchard, Duke of Thuringia † Egino, Duke of Thuringia † Rudolf I, Bishop of Würzburg †	Unknown
Strength
Unknown	Unknown
Casualties and losses
Heavy together with all the commanders	Unknown (probably light)

The Battle of Eisenach in 908,^[1] was a crushing victory by a Hungarian army over a German army composed of troops from Franconia, Saxony and Thuringia.

Sources

Gesta Regum Francorum excerpta, ex originali ampliata.

Background

This battle is a part of the Hungarian - German war which started in 900, after the Hungarian conquest of Pannonia (Transdanubia), and lasted until 910, the battles of Augsburg and Rednitz, both ending in disastrous German defeats, which forced the German king Louis the Child, and the German duchies to accept the territorial losses, and pay tribute to the Hungarians.^[2]

Prelude

After the Battle of Pressburg ended with a catastrophical defeat of the attacking East Francian armies led by Luitpold prince of Bavaria, the Hungarians following the nomadic warfare philosophy: destroy your enemy completeley or force him to subdue to you, first forced Arnulf prince of Bavaria to pay them tribute, and let their armies to cross the lands of the duchy for attacking other German and Christian territories,^[3] than started long range campaigns against the other East Francian duchies. The first of these was the attack of one Hungarian army to Thuringia and Saxony. Howewer this was not the first attack of the Hungarians in Saxonia, because two years earlier two Hungarian armies devastated one after another the duchy, being asked to come by the Slavic tribe of Dalamanci, which lived near Meissen, which were threatened by the Saxons attacks and plunderings. In their campaign of 908, the Hungarians used again the Dalamancian territory to attack Thuringia and Saxonia, coming from Bohemia or Silesia, where Slavic tribes lived, like they did in 906.^[3] The Thuringian and Saxonian forces, under the lead of Burchard, Duke of Thuringia met the Hungarians on the battlefield at Eisenach. The number of the forces are unknown, and the leader of the Hungarian forces neither, although it is possible that it was the same commander who led the Hungarians to great victories in the battles of Pressburg in 907, Augsburg and Rednitz in 910, because the categorical outcome of those battles (annihilation of the enemy forces together with their leaders).

Battle

We do not know many details about this battle, but we know that it was a crushing defeat for the Germans, and the leader of the Christian army: Burchard, Duke of Thuringia was killed, along with Egino, Duke of Thuringia and Rudolf I, Bishop of Würzburg, together with the most part of the German soldiers, and than the Hungarians plundered Thuringia and Saxonia as far north as Bremen,^[4] returning home with many spoils.^[5][6]

Aftermath

After this victory the Hungarian campaigns against the German duchies continued until 910, the battles of Augsburg and Rednitz, ended with disastrous German defeats, after which the German king Louis the Child concluded peace with the Principality of Hungary, accepting to pay tribute to the latter, and recognizing the Hungarian territorial gains during the war.^[2]

References

1. Csorba, Csaba (1997). Árpád népe (Árpád’s people). Budapest: Kulturtrade. p. 193. ISBN 963-9069-20-5.
2. Szabados, György. "Vereség háttér nélkül? Augsburg, 955" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2014-08-02.
3. Bóna, István (2000). A magyarok és Európa a 9-10. században ("The Hungarians and Europe in the 9th-10th centuries") (in Hungarian). Budapest: História - MTA Történettudományi Intézete. p. 36. ISBN 963-8312-67-X.
4. Tarján Tamás, 908. augusztus 3. A kalandozó magyarok győzelme Eisenach mellett, Rubicon
5. Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. New York: Longman, 1991., p. 129
6. Chronicon Hermanni Contracti: Ex Inedito Hucusque Codice Augiensi, Unacum Eius Vita Et Continuatione A Bertholdo eius discipulo scripta. Praemittuntur Varia Anecdota. Subiicitur Chronicon Petershusanum Ineditum. 1, Typis San-Blasianis, 1790, p. CVIII, Text from: Gesta Francorum excerpta, ex originali ampliata, Latin text: "908 [...] Ungari in Saxones. Et Burchardus dux Toringorum, et Reodulfus epsicopus, Eginoque aliique quamplurimi occisi sunt devastata terra..". English translation: "908 [...] The Hungarians against the Saxons. And Burchard duke of the Thuringia, bishop Rudolf, and Egino were killed with many others and [the Hungarians] devastated the land"