Battle of Harlem Heights

Coordinates: 40°48′32″N 73°57′22″W / 40.809°N 73.956°W

Battle of Harlem Heights Part of the American Revolutionary War Date September 16, 1776 Location Morningside Heights, Manhattan, New York Result American victory[1] Belligerents  United States  Great Britain Commanders and leaders George Washington Thomas Knowlton  † Nathanael Greene Alexander Leslie William Howe Strength 1,800[2] 5,000[3] Casualties and losses 30 killed 100 wounded[4] 92-390 killed and wounded[5][6]

The Battle of Harlem Heights was fought during the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War. The action took place in what is now the Morningside Heights and east into the future Harlem neighborhoods of northwestern Manhattan Island in New York Town on September 16, 1776.

The Continental Army, under Commander-in-Chief General George Washington, Major General Nathanael Greene, and Major General Israel Putnam, totaling around 9,000 men, held a series of high ground positions in upper Manhattan. Immediately opposite was the vanguard of the British Army totaling around 5,000 men under the command of Major General Henry Clinton.

An early morning skirmish between a patrol of Knowlton's Rangers and British light infantry piquets developed into a running fight as the British pursued the Americans back through woods towards Washington's position on Harlem Heights. The overconfident British light troops, having advanced too far from their lines without support, had exposed themselves to counter-attack. Washington, seeing this, ordered a flanking manouevre which failed to cut off the British force but, combined with pressure from troops arriving from the Harlem Heights position, succeeded in driving them back. Meeting reinforcements coming from the south with artillery support, the British light infantry turned and made a stand in open fields on Morningside Heights. The Americans, also reinforced, came on in strength and there followed a lengthy exchange of fire. After two hours, with ammunition running short, the British force began to pull back to their lines. Washington cut short the pursuit, unwilling to risk a general engagement with the British main force, and withdrew to his own lines. The battle helped restore the confidence of the Continental Army after suffering several defeats. It was Washington's first battlefield success of the war.

After a month without any major fighting between the armies, Washington was forced to withdraw his army north to the town of White Plains in southeastern New York when the British moved north into Westchester County and threatened to trap Washington further south on Manhattan. Washington suffered two more defeats, at White Plains and Fort Washington. After these two defeats, and also with the evacuation of Fort Lee (named after his deputy, General Charles Lee) across the Hudson River guarding the western shore in New Jersey, Washington and the army retreated across New Jersey to Pennsylvania. The New York and New Jersey campaign ended after the subsequent American Christmas victories at Trenton and Princeton, which reinvigorated the Continental Army and the new nation.

Background

On August 27, 1776, British troops under the command of General William Howe flanked and defeated the American army at the Battle of Long Island.^[7] Howe moved his forces and pinned the Americans down at Brooklyn Heights, with the East River to the American rear. On the night of August 29, General George Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, evacuated his entire army of 9,000 men and their equipment across the water to Manhattan.^[8]

On September 15, Howe landed his army in an amphibious operation at Kip's Bay, on the eastern shore of Manhattan, along the East River.^[9] After a bombardment of the American positions on the shore, 4,000 British and Hessian troops landed at Battle of Kip's Bay. The American troops began to flee at the sight of the enemy, and even with Washington's arrival on the scene and taking immediate bold command, demanding his soldiers to fight, they refused to obey orders and continued to flee.^[10]

After scattering the Americans at Kip's Bay, Howe landed 9,000 more troops, but mysteriously did not immediately cut off the American retreat from New York Town in the south of the island.^[11] Washington had all of his troops in the city on their way to north along the westside of Manhattan to Harlem Heights by 4:00 pm and they all reached the fortifications on the Heights by nightfall.^[12]

Battle

The Battle of Harlem Heights, September 16, 1776

Early on September 16, Washington received reports, which proved to be unfounded, that the British were advancing.^[13] Washington, who had been expecting an attack, had ordered a party of 150 men under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowlton to reconnoiter the British lines.^[14] At daybreak, Knowlton's troops were spotted by the pickets of the British light infantry.^[15] The British sent two or three companies to attack the enemy to their front. For more than half an hour the skirmish continued, with fighting in the woods between two farms.^[16] When Knowlton realized that the numerically superior British forces were trying to turn his flank, he ordered a retreat, which was conducted "without confusion or loss", although perhaps ten men had been lost in the initial skirmish.^[16]

The British followed in rapid pursuit.^[17] As they advanced, the British light troops signalled with bugle calls, which to Colonel Joseph Reed were reminiscent of a fox hunt, and seemed to him to be intended as an insult.^[14] Probably about this time, the Second and Third battalions of British light infantry, along with the 42nd Highlanders were ordered up as reinforcements.^[17] Reed, who had met Knowlton, rode to Washington to tell him what was going on and encouraged him to reinforce the rangers.^[18] Instead of retreating, Washington, in what Edward G. Lengel calls "an early glimmer of the courage and resolve that would rally the Continentals from many a tight spot later on",^[14] devised a plan to entrap the British light troops.^[14] Washington would have some troops make a feint, in order to draw the British into a hollow way, and then send a detachment of troops around to trap the British inside.^[19]

The feint party was composed of 150 volunteers who ran into the hollow way and began to engage the British.^[19] After the British were in the hollow way, the 150 volunteers were reinforced by 900 more men. All of the troops were stationed too far away from one another to do much damage.^[19]

The flanking party consisted of Knowlton's Rangers, which had been reinforced by three companies of riflemen, in total about 200 men.^[20] As they approached, an officer accidentally misdirected the men, and the firing broke out on the British flank, not their rear. The British troops, realizing that they had almost been surrounded, retreated to a field, where there was a fence. The Americans soon pursued and, during the attack, Knowlton was killed.^[21] Despite this, the American troops pushed on; driving the British troops beyond the fence to the top of a hill. When they reached the hill, the British forces received reinforcements; including some artillery.^[21] For two hours, the British troops held their ground at the top of the hill until the Americans once again forced them to retreat, into a buckwheat field.^[2]

A plaque commemorating the American victory, on the math building of Columbia University

Washington was originally reluctant to pursue the British troops, but after seeing that his men were slowly pushing the British back, he sent in reinforcements and permitted the troops to engage in a direct attack.^[2] By the time that all of the reinforcements arrived, nearly 1,800 Americans were engaged in the buckwheat field. To direct the battle, members of Washington's staff, including Nathanael Greene, were sent in. By this time, the British troops had also been reinforced; bringing their strength up to about 5,000 men.^[3]

For an hour-and-a-half, the battle continued in the field and in the surrounding hills until, "having fired away their ammunition",^[22] the British withdrew. The Americans kept up a close pursuit until it was heard that British reserves were coming, and Washington, fearing a British trap, ordered a withdrawal.^[3] Upon hearing Washington's orders to withdraw, the troops gave a loud "huzzah" and left the field in good order.^[1]

Aftermath

The British casualties were officially reported by Howe at 14 killed and 78 wounded.^[23] However, a member of Howe's staff wrote in his diary that the loss was 14 killed and 154 wounded.^[24] David McCullough gives much higher figures of 90 killed and 300 wounded.^[6] The Americans had about 30 killed and 100 wounded,^[4] including among the dead, Knowlton and Major Andrew Leitch. The American victory raised morale in the ranks, even among those who had not been engaged.^[1] It also marked the first victory of the war for the army directly under George Washington's command.^[1]

There was little fighting for the next month of the campaign, but Washington moved his army to White Plains in October after hearing that the British were attempting to trap him on Manhattan.^[25] After being defeated at the Battle of White Plains and later at Fort Washington, Washington and his army retreated across New Jersey, pursued by the British, into Pennsylvania.^[26]

The loss of Knowlton was a blow to the fledgling American intelligence operations, as he had created and led the first such unit of the Continental Army, at the direction of Washington.

References

Notes

1. Lengel p.157
2. Johnston p.82
3. McCullough p.218
4. Johnston p.87
5. Boatner, p. 491
6. McCullough p.219
7. McCullough p.166
8. McCullough p.191
9. McCullough p.209
10. McCullough p.212
11. Lengel p.154
12. Lengel p.155
13. Johnston p.57
14. Lengel p.156
15. Johnston p.61
16. Johnston p.62
17. Johnston p.63
18. Johnston p.68
19. Johnston p.69
20. Johnston p.74
21. Johnston p.80
22. Johnston, p. 257
23. Montross, p. 113
24. Freeman, p. 202, referencing the diary of Stephen Kemble, a Loyalist officer who was serving as Howe's assistant adjutant-general
25. McCullough p.230
26. McCullough p.255

Bibliography

• Boatner, Mark Mayo (1966). Cassell's Biographical Dictionary of the American War of Independence 1763–1783. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-29296-6.
• Freeman, Douglas Southall (1951). George Washington: A Biography. Volume Four: Leader of the Revolution. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.
• Johnston, Henry P (1897). The Battle of Harlem Heights, September 16, 1776. London: The Macmillan Company.
• Lengel, Edward (2005). General George Washington. New York: Random House Paperbacks. ISBN 0-8129-6950-2.
• McCullough, David (2006). 1776. New York: Simon and Schuster Paperback. ISBN 0-7432-2672-0.
• Montross, Lynn (1967). The Story of the Continental Army, 1775–1783. New York: Barnes & Noble.

External links

• "British Found Manhattan Difficult To Hold". Fraunces Tavern Museum.