Battle of Magetobriga

Battle of Magetobriga
Part of Gallic Wars
Date63 BC
LocationMagetobria, Gaul (modern-day France)
Result Sequani, Arverni, Suebi victory
Belligerents
Aedui Suebi
Sequani
Arverni
Commanders and leaders
Unknown Ariovistus
Strength
Suebi-15,000

The Battle of Magetobriga (Amagetobria, Magetobria, Mageto'Bria, Admageto'Bria) was fought in 63 BC between rival tribes in Gaul. The Aedui tribe was defeated and massacred by the combined forces of their hereditary rivals, the Sequani and Arverni tribes. The Sequani and Arverni enlisted the aid of the German Suebi tribe under their king Ariovistus. Following their defeat, the Aedui sent envoys to the Roman Senate, their traditional ally, for aid. The Roman general Julius Caesar would subsequently use their request for aid as a basis for extending his conquest of Gaul.

Background

According to Strabo, the cause of the conflict between the Haedui and Sequani was commercial.[1] The Arar (Saône) River formed part of the border between the hereditary rivals.[2][3] Each tribe claimed the Arar and the tolls on trade along it.[4] The Sequani controlled access to the Rhine River and had built an oppidum (a fortified town) at Vesontio (Besançon) to protect their interests.

La Loue (bassin Doubs-Saône) (carte)

The Battle

In 63 BC the Sequani and Arverni secured the aid of Ariovistus, a king of the Germanic Suebi tribe, to settle the hereditary dispute.[4][5][6] Ariovistus crossed the Rhine with a confederation of Germanic tribes.[7]

The Battle of Magetobriga, the final battle between the Aedui and their enemies, took place close to the Sequani town of Magetobria (or Amagetobria) (now known as Amage) 10 km from Luxeuil. Ariovistus' 15,000 Germanic tribesmen turned the tide, and the Aedui became tributary to the Sequani.[7] In return, Ariovistus was promised land grants in Gaul.[8][9][10]

In 63 BC, following the Aedui's defeat at Magetobriga, the Aedui druid Diviciacus travelled to Rome and spoke before the Roman senate to ask for military aid.[11] While in Rome, Diviciacus was a guest of Cicero, who spoke of his knowledge of divination, astronomy and natural philosophy, and names him as a druid.[12] Cicero wrote in 60 BC of a defeat sustained by the Haedui, perhaps in reference to Magetobriga.[13]

[I]n public affairs for the moment the chief subject of interest is the disturbance in Gaul. For the Haedui—"our brethren"—have recently fought a losing battle, and the Helvetii are undoubtedly in arms and making raids upon our province. The senate has decreed that the two Consuls should draw lots for the Gauls, that a levy should be held, all exemptions from service be suspended, and legates with full powers be sent to visit the states in Gaul, and see that they do not join the Helvetii.

Subsequent events

Ariovistus Stays in Gaul

In the wake of victory, and to the dismay of his 'allies', Ariovistus stayed in Gaul. According to Caesar, he seized a third of the Sequani territory and proceeded to settle 120,000 Germani there as the nucleus of a new Germanic kingdom.[7][14][15] Caesar writes:

"But a worse thing had befallen the victorious Sequani than the vanquished Aedui, for Ariovistus, a king of the Germani, had settled in their territories, and had seized upon a third of their land, which was the best in the whole of Gaul, and was now ordering them to depart from another third part, because a few months previously 24,000 men of the Harudes had come to him, for whom room and settlements must be provided." (Commentaries on the Gallic War, I.31)

To avoid infringing on his allies, at least for the moment, Ariovistus must have passed over the low divide between the Rhine and the Doubs in the vicinity of Belfort and than have approached the Aedui along the Ognon river valley. That move left the Sequani between him and the Jura mountains, not a tolerable situation for either if they were not going to be allies.

Ariovistus made the decision to clear out the Sequani from the strategic Doubs valley and re-populate it with Germanic settlers. He demanded a further third of Celtic land for his allies the Harudes. Caesar makes it clear that Germanic tribes were actually in the land of the Sequani and were terrorizing them. They are said to control all the oppida, but this statement is not entirely true, as Vesontio was not under Germanic control. Presumably, the country to the north of there was under Germanic control.

Caesar's Intervention

Main article: Gallic Wars

Following Caesar’s victory over the Helvetii, the majority of the Gallic tribes congratulated Caesar and sought to meet with him in a general assembly.[16] The Aeduan Druid and statesment Diviciacus, acting as spokesmen for the Gallic delegation, appealed to Caeser to intervene against Ariovistus.[17][18] Ariovistus' demand that the Sequani give him more land to accommodate the Harudes people,[9][19] 'concerned' Rome because it would position Ariovistus to take all of the Sequani land and move against the rest of Gaul.[9] The Gallic request afforded Caesar the perfect pretext to expand his intervention as "the savior and not the conqueror of Gaul.[19]" Caesar would defeat Ariovistus at the Battle of Vosges. In the battle, which took place near Vesontio (Besançon), the Harudes formed one of the seven tribal divisions of Ariovistus' host. After suffering a crushing defeat at the hands of the Romans, the Germani fled back over the Rhine.[20] Caesar would eventually subjugate the whole of Gaul.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Strabo, Geography 4.3.2
  2. ↑ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.12
  3. ↑ Goldsworthy, Caesar: Life of a Colossus, 200-201
  4. 1 2 Kahn, The Education of Julius Caesar, 220
  5. ↑ Goldsworthy, Caesar: Life of a Colossus, 204
  6. ↑ Meier, Caesar: A Biography, 238
  7. 1 2 3 Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.31
  8. ↑ Grant, Julius Caesar, 87
  9. 1 2 3 Walter, Caesar: A Biography, 159
  10. ↑ Goldsworthy, Caesar: Life of a Colossus, 246
  11. ↑ Kahn, The Education of Julius Caesar, 213
  12. ↑ Cicero, De Divinatione I xli.
  13. ↑ Cicero, Letters to Atticus 1.19
  14. ↑ Dodge, Caesar, 83
  15. ↑ Decline of the Roman Empire - Vol. 3, Page 477.
  16. ↑ Walter, Caesar: A Biography, 158
  17. ↑ Walter, Caesar: A Biography, 158 and 161
  18. ↑ Goldsworthy, Caesar: Life of a Colossus, 271
  19. 1 2 Fuller, Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, 106
  20. ↑ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.51

Sources

  • Strabo, Geography
  • Julius Caesar, De Bello Gallico and Other Commentaries, at Project Gutenberg
  • Arthur D. Kahn, The Education of Julius Caesar, (Schocken Books, 1986), ISBN 0-595-08921-6
  • Michael Grant, Julius Caesar, (M Evans & Co, 1992), ISBN 978-0871317209
  • Gérard Walter, Caesar: A Biography, trans. Emma Craufurd( New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1952)
  • Adrian Goldsworthy, Caesar: Life of a Colossus, (Yale University Press, 2006) ISBN 0-300-12048-6
  • J.F.C. Fuller, Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, Da Capo Press, 1991, ISBN 0-306-80422-0
  • Christian Meier (1996). Caesar: A Biography. Fontana Press. ISBN 0-00-686349-3. 
  • Theodore Ayrault Dodge (1995). Caesar: A history of the art of war among the Romans down to the end of the Roman empire, with a detailed account of the campaigns of Caius Julius Caesar. Stackpole Books. ISBN 1-853-67216-5. OCLC 32391132. Originally published: New York : Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1892.
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