Battle on Vrtijeljka

Battle on Vrtijeljka
Part of the Great Turkish War
Date7 May 1685
LocationVrtijeljka hill near Cetinje, Sanjak of Montenegro
Result Decisive Ottoman victory
Belligerents
Republic of Venice Venetian irregular force Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Bajo Pivljanin  † Süleyman
Units involved
Bay of Kotor-based Hajduks
Montenegrins
Mainjani
Primorci		 Sanjak of Scutari
Strength
ca. 1200 Large
Casualties and losses
500

The Battle on Vrtijeljka (Serbian: бој на Вртијељци/boj na Vrtijeljci) was fought on a hill near Cetinje between a Venetian irregular force and an advancing Ottoman force, on 7 May 1685 at the start of the Morean War. The Venetian force was made up of fighters from the neighbouring areas, including the band of acclaimed hajduk Bajo Pivljanin, and several Christian tribes. The large Ottoman force was led by sanjak-bey Süleyman of Scutari.

Prelude

Süleyman Pasha of Scutari readied to punish the Montenegrins (Ottoman subjects), who had helped the Republic of Venice, the Ottomans' main enemy in the Morean War.[1] Süleyman sent word to the Montenegrins that he "due to their relations with Morlachs and Hajduks" would exterminate them all.[2] The leaders of the Kuči, Klimenti, and other tribes of the Highlands (Brda) were called and visited by Süleyman, who took 12 hostages from them and jailed these in Scutari.[1] The Montenegrins were located in the immediate Venetian–Ottoman frontier (krajina), east of the Bay of Kotor (a Venetian territory) and west of the Sanjak of Scutari.

The acclaimed hajduk Bajo Pivljanin had served the Republic of Venice with his band in the Bay of Kotor in the Cretan War (1645–69), and was once again dispatched to the bay (in 1684) in order to protect the area against the Ottomans.

Battle

The Montenegrins informed Venetian provveditore Antonio Zeno, who then quickly assembled c. 1200 fighters (1,560 according to Rovinski), including also Montenegrins, Mainjani and Primorci, commanded by over-intendant Bošković, harambaša Bajo Pivljanin, and the guvernadur of Grbalj.[1] Süleyman's large force crossed the Morača and headed towards Cetinje, while the hajduks rushed to meet them.[1] The two met at the hill of Vrtijeljka on 7 May 1685.[3]

The hajduks were defeated by the Ottomans, and Bajo fell.[3] Zeno informed of the casualties, of 22 Paštrovići, 27 from the Kotor area, and "worse yet for the Montenegrins, Poborci and Mainjani", but did not mention the hajduk losses in a similar way.[4] Vule Subotić, the barjaktar of Bajo's band, accounted that the hajduks carried a war flag with Venetian symbols, and that out of 80, only 10 hajduks survived.[5]

Aftermath and assessment

It has been claimed that the victorious Ottomans paraded with 500 severed heads through Cetinje after the battle,[6] and also attacked the Cetinje monastery and the palace of Ivan Crnojević.[7] Süleyman had Bajo's head sent to the Sultan as a trophy.[3] The importance of the battle is evident in the fact that the heads of Bajo and his hajduks decorated the entrance hall of the seraglio in Constantinople, and that Süleyman was elevated to pasha due to the victory.[8] The news of the battle were recorded in Rome on 27 May 1685, "two courageous leaders, one named Bajo, friend of captain Janko, and the other, captain Vuković the Arbanas, died"; the source states that the defeat was due to betrayal of Montenegrins in the battle.[5] Historiography is divided on the issue if the Montenegrins really betrayed the hajduks in the battle;[5] some believe that in order to avoid retaliation, the Montenegrins promised the head of Bajo Pivljanin,[2] then betrayed the hajduks on the battlefield.[5] Historian Radovan Samardžić is open to the view that maybe the Ragusans gave news of the ostensible betrayal of Montenegrins in the battle in order to disguise their own bad role in the event.[5] According to Jovan Tomić, Antonio Zeno wrote two letters to the Senate about the battle, not mentioning the betrayal of the Montenegrins.[5]

Legacy

“ Three serdars brave and two voivodes bold, with three hundred falcon-heroes of theirs – falcon Bajo with his thirty dragons – they all will live as long as time endures. They lay in wait for Šenćer the Vizier on the top of Mount Vrtijeljka and fought till noon on a hot summer day. No Serb wanted to betray another, so that people would not blame him later and point at his descendants as they do at the traitor house of Branković. So they all fell, one beside the other, while still singing and striking at the Turks. Only three Serbs came forth from there alive, from under the piles of dead Turks' bodies – the Turks had run horses over the wounded. Beautiful death, glory to their mothers! Unto these brave men God will amply grant fame to their souls and incense on their graves. Three thousand youths, one brave as the other, struck suddenly at Šenćer the Vizier before daybreak on the field of Krstac. God gives power to those who always strive! They broke the might of Šenćer the Vizier! Lucky the man who happened to be there! The Kosovo wounds pain him no longer, he blames the Turks for nothing any more. Serb heroes of Mount Vrtijeljka! A shining light will always be seen there burning atop your consecrated tombs! — From the Mountain Wreath by Petar II Petrović-Njegoš.[9] ”

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 SANU 1971, p. 151.
  2. 1 2 Jačov 1990, p. 69.
  3. 1 2 3 Istorijsko društvo SR Crne Gore 2007, p. 255.
  4. ↑ Filološki fakultet 1974, p. 55.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bojović 2008, p. 151.
  6. ↑ The South Slav Journal. Dositey Obradovich Circle. 1983. p. 93.
  7. ↑ Peter II (Prince-Bishop of Montenegro) (1905). Gorski vijenac, vladike crnogorskoga. Hrvatska knjižarnica. p. 61.
  8. ↑ Bojović 2008, p. 152.
  9. ↑ Petar II Petrović-Njegos (1847). "The Mountain Wreath". Translated by Vasa D. Mihailovich (Internet ed.).

Sources

Books
Journals
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