Human behavior

Human behavior refers to the array of every physical action and observable emotion associated with individuals, as well as the human race as a whole. While specific traits of one's personality and temperament may be more consistent, other behaviors will change as one moves from birth through adulthood. In addition to being dictated by age and genetics, behavior, driven in part by thoughts and feelings, is an insight into individual psyche, revealing among other things attitudes and values. Social behavior, a subset of human behavior, study the considerable influence of social interaction and culture. Additional influences include ethics, encircling, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion and coercion.

The behavior of humans (and other organisms or even mechanisms) falls within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside acceptable limits. In sociology, behavior in general includes actions having no meaning, being not directed at other people, and thus all basic human actions. Behavior in this general sense should not be mistaken with social behavior, which is a more advanced social action, specifically directed at other people. The acceptability of behavior depends heavily upon social norms and is regulated by various means of social control. Human behavior is studied by the specialized academic disciplines of psychiatry, psychology, social work, sociology, economics, and anthropology.

Human behavior is experienced throughout an individual’s entire lifetime. It includes the way they act based on different factors such as genetics, social norms, core faith, and attitude. Behavior is impacted by certain traits each individual has. The traits vary from person to person and can produce different actions or behavior from each person. Social norms also impact behavior. Due to the inherently conformist nature of human society in general, humans are pressured into following certain rules and displaying certain behaviors in society, which conditions the way people behave. Different behaviors are deemed to be either acceptable or unacceptable in different societies and cultures. Core faith can be perceived through the religion and philosophy of that individual. It shapes the way a person thinks and this in turn results in different human behaviors. Attitude can be defined as "the degree to which the person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior in question."^[1] One's attitude is essentially a reflection of the behavior he or she will portray in specific situations. Thus, human behavior is greatly influenced by the attitudes we use on a daily basis.

Factors

Genetics

Long before Charles Darwin published his book On the Origin of Species in 1859, animal breeders knew that patterns of behavior are somehow influenced by inheritance from parents. Studies of identical twins as compared to less closely related human beings, and of children brought up in adoptive homes, have helped scientists understand the influence of genetics on human behavior. The study of human behaviour genetics is still developing steadily with new methods such as genome-wide association studies.^[2]

Social norms

Social norms, the often-unspoken rules of a group, shape not just our behaviors but also our attitudes. An individual’s behavior varies depending on the group(s) they are a part of, a characteristic of society that allows to norms heavily impact society. Without social norms, human society would not function as it currently does; humans would have to be more abstract in their behavior, as there would not be a pre-tested 'normal' standardized lifestyle, and individuals would have to make many more choices for themselves. The institutionalization of norms is, however, inherent in human society perhaps as a direct result of the desire to be accepted by others, which leads humans to manipulate their own behavior in order to 'fit in' with others. Depending on their nature and upon one's perspective, norms can impact different sections of society both positively (e.g. eating, dressing warm in the winter) and negatively (e.g. racism, drug use).

Creativity

Creativity is assumed to be present within every individual.^[3] Without creative minds, we would not live in a modern world like today. Creativity pushes people past their comfort zone. For example, the Wright Brother's invention of the first practical fixed-wing aircraft. The aircraft first took flight in 1903, and fifty years later the first passenger jet airliner was introduced. Creativity is what defines human beings. Creativity has kept people alive during harsh conditions, and it has also made certain individuals wealthy. We use creativity in our daily lives as well, such as finding a shortcut to a destination.

Core faith and culture

Another important aspect of human behavior is their “core faith”. This faith can be manifested in the forms of religion, philosophy, culture, and/or personal belief and often affects the way a person can behave. 80% of the United States public claims some sort of belief in a higher power, which makes religion a large importance in society.^[4] It is only natural for something that plays such a large role in society to have an effect on human behavior.^[5] Morals are another factor of core faith that affects the way a person behaves. Emotions connected to morals including shame, pride, and discomfort and these can change the way a person acts. Most importantly, shame and guilt have a large impact on behavior.^[6] Lastly, culture highly affects human behavior. The beliefs of certain cultures are taught to children from such a young age that they are greatly affected as they grow up. These beliefs are taken into consideration throughout daily life, which leads to people from different cultures acting differently. These differences are able to alter the way different cultures and areas of the world interact and act.^[7]

Attitude

An attitude is an expression of favor or disfavor toward a person, place, thing, or event.^[8] The interesting thing about an attitude and human beings is that it alters between each individual. Everyone has a different attitude towards different things. A main factor that determines attitude is likes and dislikes. The more one likes something or someone the more one is willing to open up and accept what they have to offer. When one doesn’t like something, one is more likely to get defensive and shut down. An example of how one's attitude affects one's human behavior could be as simple as taking a child to the park or to the doctor. Children know they have fun at the park so their attitude becomes willing and positive, but when a doctor is mentioned, they shut down and become upset with the thought of pain. Attitudes can sculpt personalities and the way people view who we are. People with similar attitudes tend to stick together as interests and hobbies are common. This does not mean that people with different attitudes do not interact, the fact is they do. What it means is that specific attitudes can bring people together (e.g., religious groups). Attitudes have a lot to do with the mind which highly relates to human behavior. The way a human behaves depends a lot on how they look at the situation and what they expect to gain from it.^[9] Positive attitudes are better than negative ones as negativity can bring on negative emotions that most of the time can be avoided. It is up to humans to make sure their attitudes positively reflect the behaviors they want to show. This can be done by assessing their attitudes and properly presenting them in society.

Different Types of Behaviors

There are, in fact, 5 main types of human behavior. In the article My PTSD, it mentions these 5 types of human behavior: passive, aggressive, assertive, passive-aggressive, and the alternator.^[10] According to Oxford Dictionaries, to be passive is “Accepting or allowing what happens or what others do, without active response or resistance: ‘the women were portrayed as passive victims’”.^[11] For example, a person who can’t say no to anybody, are being passive.In My PTSD, also describes a person being passive as a “doormat” and that a passive person fears being “rejected or failing others”.^[12] Like a person trying to fit in with the “cool kids”. The person does anything and everything, so long as they accept them as their own, or at least make it seem like it. To be aggressive, is to feel powerful. A person who shows passive behavior insists to have control on others. In actuality, a passive person feels “helpless, fearful, and abused” (My PTSD).^[13] It’s almost reverse psychology. My PTSD describes passive-aggressive style as “all about harboring and bottling your emotions, the person is usually full of anger, yet will mask it with a smile, then when your back is turned, somehow find a way to insult you or create concern for you, without directly being able to be identified and held accountable”.^[14] An alternator is someone who constantly alternates between aggression and passiveness. The difference between passive-aggressive and alternator, is when passive and aggression is used. Alternator, is self-explanatory, the person alternates the between the two. Passive-aggression is when both are done in the same time. Assertiveness is none of the above. The article “Assertiveness- An Introduction”, puts it as “standing up for your personal rights - expressing thoughts, feelings and beliefs in direct, honest and appropriate ways”.^[15] It’s about sticking up for yourself. A key point is assertive people “always respect the thoughts, feelings and beliefs of other people as well as their own” (Assertiveness).^[16] If you are not respectful of others opinions, then you are considered an aggressive person.

See also

Behavioral modernity Behaviorism Behavioral economics Feminine psychology Human behavioral ecology Human ethology Human sexual behavior

Masculine psychology Mathematical principles of reinforcement Mociology Motivation Nature versus nurture

References

1. Ajzen I, Fishbein M. (1999) Theory of reasoned action/Theory of planned behavior. University of South Florida.
2. Anholt, Robert R. H.; Mackay, Trudy F. C. (2010). Principles of behavioral genetics. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-372575-2. Lay summary (16 October 2010). Plomin, Robert; DeFries, John C.; Knopik, Valerie S.; Neiderhiser, Jenae M. (24 September 2012). Behavioral Genetics. Shaun Purcell (Appendix: Statistical Methods in Behaviorial Genetics). Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4292-4215-8. Retrieved 4 September 2013. Lay summary (4 September 2013).
3. Tanggaard, L. (2013). The sociomateriality of creativity in everyday life. (pp. 20-21). Sage Journals. retrieved from http://cap.sagepub.com/content/19/1/20.full.pdf+html
4. "'Nones' on the Rise: One-in-Five Adults Have No Religious Affiliation". Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. October 9, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
5. Spilka, B., & McIntosh, D. N. (1996). The psychology of religion. Westview Press. Retrieved November 4, 2012
6. Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345.
7. Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
8. WYER, R. S. J. (1965). "Effect of child-rearing attitudes and behavior on children S responses to hypothetical social situations". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2(4), 480-486. (registration required)
9. KECMANOVIC, D. year=1969. "The paranoid attitude as the common form of social behavior. Sociologija, 11(4), 573-585".7 (registration required)
10. "Behavior". MyPTSD. Retrieved 20 March 2016. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
11. "Passive: Definition of Passive in Oxford Dictionary (American English) (US)". Oxford Dictionary. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
12. "Behavior". MyPTSD. Retrieved 20 March 2016. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
13. [https://www.myptsd.com/behavior/70/>. "Behavior"]. MyPTSD. Retrieved 20 March 2016. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
14. [https://www.myptsd.com/behavior/70/>. "Behavior"]. MyPTSD. Retrieved 20 March 2016. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
15. "Assertiveness - An Introduction". skillsyouneed. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
16. "Assertiveness - An Introduction". skillsyouneed. Retrieved 20 March 2016.

• Ardrey, Robert. (1970). The Social Contract: A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder . Published by Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-10347-6
• Frederick Edwords, 1989, What is humanism?, American Humanist Association

External links

Media related to Human behavior at Wikimedia Commons