Belgian general strike of 1893

Un soir de grève (1893) by Eugène Laermans

The general strike of 1893 (French: grève générale de 1893, Dutch: algemene staking van 1893) was a major general strike in Belgium called by the Belgian Labour Party (POB–BWP) in April 1893 in favour of the introduction of universal male suffrage. The general strike was the first called in Belgium and a decisive moment for the nascent POB–BWP. According to Carl J. Strikwerda, it was the first general strike in the history of Europe.^[1]

Strike

Troops of the paramilitary Garde Civique fire on strikers near Mons on 17 April 1893

The general strike was called on the evening of 11 April 1893 after politicians of Catholic and Liberal parties joined to block a proposal to expand the suffrage.^{[lower-alpha 1]} and lasted between 12-18 April. Conservatives, led by the Catholic Prime Minister Auguste Beernaert, feared a full revolution and clashes broke out between strikers and the military. According to Henri Pirenne, the strike was only called under pressure from the miners of the Borinage and its rapid spread took the POB–BWP leadership, under Emile Vandervelde, by surprise.^[3] Between 13^[4] and 20 strikers were killed.^[2] In total, 200,000 workers participated in the strike.^[1] In the face of determined opposition, Parliament caved to the Socialist demands and introduced the original reforms, increasing the franchise ten-fold.^[2]

The first elections with the constitutional reforms were held in October 1894. The franchise extension did not benefit the POB–BWP as much as expected. The rise of Social Catholicism, introduced by the 1891 Papal Rerum novarum encyclical, was one of the factors which prevented rapid socialist growth.^[2] The elections however brought socialist deputies into parliament for the first time and led to the beginning Liberals' decline from one of the two dominant parties in Belgian politics. Neal Ascherson argued that, after 1894, "the deepest preoccupation of politics was the determination of Catholic and Liberal to keep the Socialists out of power."^[2] The POB-BWP adopted a new manifesto, the Charter of Quaregnon, the same year which would remain the party's doctrine until 1979.

The issue of electoral reform remained controversial until World War I and further general strikes on questions of franchise reform occurred in 1902 and 1913. The 1913 strike lead to the promise of reform to the plural voting system, but this was halted by the outbreak of World War I and subsequent German occupation. Plural voting was finally abolished in 1919 and universal suffrage, giving the vote to all Belgian women, was only introduced in 1948.

See also

• Belgian strike of 1886, the closest precedent for the 1893 general strike
• General strikes in Belgium
• Belgium in the long nineteenth century

Notes and references

1. The rejected proposal gave the vote to all male citizens over the age of 25, but allowed two votes to heads of families.^[2]

References

1. Strikwerda 1997, p. 109.
2. Ascherson 1999, pp. 154-5.
3. Merkx & Deruette 1999, p. 23.
4. Strikwerda 1997, p. 144.

Bibliography

• Ascherson, Neal (1999) [1963]. The King Incorporated: Leopold the Second and the Congo (New ed.). London: Granta. ISBN 1862072906.
• Merkx, Kris; Deruette, Serge (1999). La Vie en Rose: Réalités de l'Histoire du Parti socialiste en Belgique. Brussels: EPO. ISBN 2872621474.
• Strikwerda, Carl (1997). A House Divided: Catholics, Socialists, and Flemish Nationalists in Nineteenth-century Belgium. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0847685271.

Further reading

• Polasky, Janet L. (July 1992). "A Revolution for Socialist Reforms: The Belgian General Strike for Universal Suffrage". Journal of Contemporary History 27 (3): 449–66. JSTOR 260900.

External links

• De grootste stakingen uit de Belgische geschiedenis at De Standaard