Benedictive

The benedictive mood is found in Sanskrit, although extremely rarely. It expresses a blessing or wish, such as found in the English expressions "long live the king" and "may the force be with you". For verbs in the active voice (parasmaipada), it is formed by adding endings very similar to the athematic optative endings directly to the verb root itself. Essentially, the sibilant -s is inserted between the optative marker -yā and the personal endings. By the action of the rules of sandhi, the second- and third-person benedictive endings are identical to the corresponding optative endings (-yāst turns into -yāt for the third person, and -yāss into yās for the second person).

Middle voice (ātmanepada) benedictives are not found in Classical Sanskrit.

For example, the verb root bhū forms the benedictive thus:

Benedictive
	Active
	Singular	Dual	Plural
First Person	bhūyāsam	bhūyāsva	bhūyāsma
Second Person	bhūyās	bhūyāstam	bhūyāsta
Third Person	bhūyāt	bhūyāstām	bhūyāsus

Bibliography

Devavāṇīpraveśikā: An Introduction to the Sanskrit Language – Robert P. Goldman – ISBN 0-944613-40-3
A Sanskrit Grammar for Students – A. A. Macdonell – ISBN 81-246-0094-5

Linguistic modalities and grammatical moods

Realis
(what is)

Irrealis

Deontic (what should be)	Benedictive Commissive (promises, threats) Directive (commands, requests, requirements) Deliberative Hortative (+ subtypes) Imperative Jussive Necessitative Permissive Precative Prohibitive Propositive Volitive (hopes, wishes, fears) Desiderative Imprecative Optative

Epistemic (what may be)	(inferences, possibilities, questions, etc.) Alethic Assumptive Deductive Dubitative Hypothetical Inferential/renarrative/oblique Interrogative Potential Speculative Subjunctive

Dependent circumstances (what would be)	Conditional Eventive

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