Berlin U-Bahn rolling stock

The rolling stock on the Berlin U-Bahn are split into two categories: Kleinprofil ("small profile", used by the U1, U2, U3 and U4) and Großprofil ("large profile", used by the U5, U6, U7, U8 and U9) lines. The names refer to the size of the train's coaches. Großprofil coaches have a width of 2.65 metres and a height of 3.40 metres, and Kleinprofil coaches are only 2.30 metres wide and 3.10 metres high. Therefore, the trains have to operate on separate networks.

Both networks have 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge track and are electrified at 750 volts DC. Because Großprofil and Kleinprofil trains use different types of power supply the trains cannot normally operate on the same route. However, on the Nord-Süd-Bahn in the years between 1923 and 1927 and on the E line (today's U5) between 1961 and 1978, Kleinprofil trains with specially adapted power pickups ran on Grossprofil tracks. They were fitted with special wooden boards on the sides to close the gap between platform and train. These wooden boards were jokingly called Blumenbretter ("flower boards").

Also, the polarity of the power rails differs. On the Kleinprofil lines the power rail is positively charged and the track is negative, on the Großprofil lines it is the other way around. In East Berlin the polarity of the track section Thälmannplatz/Otto-Grotewohl-Straße - Pankow, was the same as on the Großprofil lines. After reunification, this exception to the normal Kleinprofil polarity was reversed by the BVG, even though there are benefits to this arrangement (there is less corrosion of metal parts in the tunnel with the Großprofil polarity).

The newest types of U-Bahn are H for the Großprofil and Hk for the Kleinprofil. The oldest vehicles still in service are of the F74 type (Großprofil) and the A3E type (Kleinprofil).

Train profiles

Kleinprofil

Today, only trains of the Hk, GI/1E, A3E and A3L71-A3L92 types are in active service.

Kleinprofil train types
A-I 1901–1904
1906–1913 improved train steering
1924–1926 built from steel
A-II (Amanullah) 1928–1929
A3-60 1960/61
A3-64 1964
A3-66 1966
A3L66 1966 built from aluminum
A3L67 1967/68
A3L71 1972/73
A3L82 1982/83
A3L92 1993–1995
G (Gustav) 1974 prototype
G-I (Gisela) 1978–1983
G-II 1983
G-I/1 1986–1989
HK 2000-2007
IK 2015 On order from Stadler Rail

A type cars

Main article: BVG Class A

Two test vehicles were ordered for the first Berlin U-Bahn line from the Cologne coach builders, van der Zypen & Charlier. One of these vehicles was used by Wilhelm II in 1908, leading to their nickname Kaiserwagen ("emperor's coach"). The train width of 2.30 meters was already fixed at this point. At that time, trains and subways were still modelled on streetcars. The first production vehicles, which were appropriately titled A-I, were built in the Warschauer Brücke workshop. At the U-Bahn's opening in 1902, 42 multiple units and 21 pure railroad cars were ready for service. Unlike the test vehicles, the seating was placed along the walls of the train, which was considered more comfortable. This arrangement is still used today. These trains had a top speed of 50 km/h.

Between 1906 and 1913, a fifth batch of vehicles was delivered; these had an improved steering system, making possible 8-car trains, which had become necessary due to rising traffic.

Originally there were smoking compartments and third class cars on the U-Bahn. Different classes were abandoned in 1927.

In 1926 the Schöneberg U-Bahn, which had been independent and had used their own vehicles up to that point, were taken over by the main U-Bahn network. Because a connection to the rest of the network had been planned from the beginning, the Schöneberg trains had been built to the same specifications as the main network.

From 1928 to 1929 a new type of Kleinprofil was introduced, the A-II cars. The most notable difference to the A-I type was that the A-II only had three windows and two sliding doors. Berliners called these trains Ammanullah-cars because the Afghan king Amanullah Khan had supposedly steered one of these trains during his 1928 Berlin visit.

A A3L71 type U-Bahn

A3 type cars

After World War II a new batch of vehicles became necessary - the trains had been badly damaged in the war. At this point the new A3 type, modelled on its big Großprofil brother DL, was designed. There were three batches of this type in the years 1960/61, 1964 and 1966. However, because these were built from steel, the new trains required a large amount of electricity.

A3 trains have begun refurbishment for A3-64 and A3-66 from 2003 to 2006, known as A3E, but 8 trains were scrapped in 2000.

A3L type cars

So, based on the A3, the A3L type built from aluminum was developed.

In 1982 the design was slightly modified, but remained compatible to the existing trains and could be used interchangeably with them. They were called A3L82. These were deployed on Line 1 (Schlesches Tor - Ruhleben).

In the years 1993–1995 another new series of Kleinprofil trains were manufactured for the BVG, meant for their extra trains on line U1 and U2. They were based on the A3L82, but were painted grey on the inside, unlike the earlier trains, which had wooden panelling. That was not the only change, however - they were the first Kleinprofil trains to use three-phase electric power. These trains were called A3L92.

G type cars

Main article: BVG Class G

While in West Berlin newer and newer vehicles were built and used, in East Berlin the pre-war A-I and A-II trains were still running. Finally, in 1975 the Thälmannplatz — Pankow route got four prototypes of the new GI double multiple unit, called Gustav in popular parlance. As before, the seats were located alongside the train walls. The top speed was 70 km/h. The smallest unit of these trains were half trains made up of two double multiple units. After intensive testing the LEW Hennigsdorf factory began manufacturing the trains. The production models had lower side windows and a changed front, but were technically the same. 114 cars were built until 1982. There were 24 more, but those were delivered to Greece for a railway line there. They were returned to Berlin in 1984/85. The GII trains were returned to Athens in 1997.

In 1988 a new batch of GI-trains was delivered, but with technical changes that made coupling them with the older cars impossible. Because of these changes the new trains were called GI/1. Their popular nickname was Gisela. A speciality of these cars was the fact that they had only two doors per side, unlike the other Kleinprofil trains, which had three. All the older G stock were sold to Pyongyang (GI), the G cars went for scrap, and all the GI/1 trains were refurbished into GI/1E from 2005 to 2007 in order to extend the lifespan.

A A3L92 type train
Interior of a HK type train

HK type cars

In allusion to the Großprofil series H two prototypes were built in 2000, which had the designation HK - originally, the plan had been to call them A4. Unlike their Großprofil model, cars on these trains are not fully inter-connected for passengers. A full train can be divided into two half trains. The production of the first train started in May 2005. On the U2 these new trains now represent a majority of trains run. They replaced all the A3L67 trains in 2007.

Majority of the trains run on the U2, while some of them ran on the U1 if there is an emergency situation like trackworks or pullover and hardly any ran on the U3 and U4.

IK type cars

On August 2011, BVG announced an order of IK series in order to replace A3L71 stock which will be life expired. Two prototypes have been bought from Stadler Rail and the remaining 60 units to be delivered between 2015 and 2017. These trains are based on the Stadler Tango family of trams and light rail vehicles, but will resemble and function like a full-fledged subway train. The number '1xxx' will be jumped into '18Yxxx' (where Y is the train car number). Thanks to regenerative braking the trains will recuperate up to 20% of the energy they require.[1]

Großprofil

Today, only trains of the F and H types are in active service.

Großprofil train types
A-IK (Blumenbretter) 1923–1927
1945–1968		 cars of the Kleinprofil type A-I
B I (Tunneleulen) 1924–1928 improved train steering
B II 1927–1929 a new batch of B-I cars
C I (Langwagen) 1926/1927
C II 1929
C III 1930
C IV 1930/1931 test type
D (Stahldoras) 1955/1965
DL65 (Doras) 1965/1966 built from poor metals
DL68 1968–1970
DL70 1970–1973
E I 1956/1957 prototype
E III 1962–1990
F74 1973–1975
F76 1976–1978
F79 1979–1981
F84 1984/1985
F87 1987/1988
F90 (Jäger) 1990/1991
F92 1992/1993
H95 1994/1995
H98 1998/1999
H01 2000–2002
I 2014-2016

When the city of Berlin planned the new Nord-Süd-Bahn, it ordered two cars in the Großprofil with a much greater width of 2.65 meters from the Linke-Hoffmann factory in Breslau. They were delivered in 1914 and put through trials by the Siemens company. The new cars with their bigger passenger capacity of 111 seats were intended to save money on the construction of platforms, because fewer cars were required to carry the passengers. This created a problem with platform access, which could only be solved in the 1950s and 1990s through enlargement of the platforms.

For the U-Bahn of the AEG company, today's U8, two prototypes were ordered from the Cologne train factory van der Zypen & Charlier. They were built in 1916, but were never put into service. The Berlin train authority used the two trains from 1921 on, on a suburb route.

B type cars

Only after the 1920s German inflation was over Großprofil cars could finally be ordered. In 1924, the first 16 multiple units and 8 normal passenger cars were delivered. Because they had big elliptical front windows, they were commonly called Tunneleulen ("tunnel owls"). The cars were 13.15 meters long and had 3 double sliding doors. This series was called BI.

A BII type train on special service on the 75th anniversary of the U8

From 1927 to 1928, 20 further multiple units and 30 passenger cars were delivered to the Nord-Süd-Bahn AG. Because they had an improved propulsion system, they got the designation BII. They were all deployed to Line 6 and 8, before it was further redeployed in 1966 to Line 6. The last BI and BII trains were retired in the summer of 1969.

C type cars

As early as 1926, the first CI trains were trialed. They were 18 meters long and were tested thoroughly, before production started with the CII and CIII types. On the outside, CII and CIII trains were identical, but they were very different on the inside. The electricity driving the train was routed directly through the steering in the CII ("Schaltwerksteuerung"), while the CIII used the safer "Schützensteuerung" (with only a weak control current running through the controls).

In 1930 the first CIV cars were delivered. For the first time, aluminum was used as a construction material. This way, weight could be reduced by 12%.

Especially these CIV cars, but also some CII and CIII trains were seized by the Soviet occupation forces in 1945, which were stationed in the Friedrichsfelde workshop at that time. The trains were transported to Moscow and were used in the Metro until 1966.

They were progressively renumbered for the rest of the train cars into 13xx series in 1954. This is part of the uniform fleet for the Berlin U-Bahn. All the remaining CII, CIII and CIV trains were hence withdrawn from the West Berlin side in 1975.

Interior of a DL train

D and DL type cars

Main article: BVG Class D

After World War II the trains of the Berlin U-Bahn were worn out, making a new series of trains necessary. From 1957 on the new D type trains were delivered (also called Stahldora/Steel Dora). They were made of steel, making them very heavy. In 1965, the DL type was developed, which was constructed from lighter metals (also called Dora). This way, weight was reduced by 26%. Like in earlier types the seats were located along the sides of the train.

The D type cars have been introduced in various phases:

On 1974 with the introduction of F type cars, the D 60 trains were redeployed to Line 6 and D 57 trains were redeployed to Line 8.

Because the BVB (the East Berlin public transport authority) needed more trains for their new route to Hönow, they bought 98 cars of this type from the BVG in several phases:

They were called DI in the east. Of course, they were painted in the East Berlin color scheme of ebony and yellow. 7 trains (110 386-110 397, also known as 2096 to 2099 and 2102 to 2109) all returned to BVG. After the merger of BVB with BVG, these trains continued to deploy on the U5, U6, U7 and U8.

The last trains of the 'D' type were retired in 1999, and they were sold to Pyongyang Metro, another communist country which is located in North Korea. There are only two museum trains, 2000/2001 (Prototype) and 2020/2021.

The DL type cars have been introduced in various phases:

The DL trains were all deployed on Line 6 and 7 until 1992, and most of them were also deployed to Line U5 after the merger of BVB with BVG.

The last trains of this type were retired at the end of the year 2004. The traditional farewell run of this series was on 27 February 2005. No trains have been preserved in the DL series, and all were scrapped at Eberswalde.

E type cars, transportation of cars to Moscow

Main article: BVG Class E

In East Berlin, the vehicle situation was poor. Because the C-trains had been transported to Moscow as stated above, there were no Großprofil trains left for the Line E. So, just like in the beginning years of the Großprofil, Kleinprofil vehicles with boards attached to the sides were used. These trains had the designation AI K. 40 trains were being re-deployed to the Line E after the war. These "Blumenbratter" trains were also deployed on Line D on the Workers' Uprising and the Berlin strike in 1953.

In 1958, the VEB Waggonbau Ammendorf built two prototypes of the new EI train. Because it was made of steel its weight was enormous, and it would have required too great an amount of energy to be used regularly. No production models of those trains were built.

Originally the BVG wanted to keep the EIII trains until 1999, but because of enormous operating and maintenance costs after the reunification of Germany, the EIII trains were retired as early as 1994. The trains were not designed for use in magnetically secured routes. Some of the aspects include relatively sedate driving techniques. There have been attempts to test the EIII trains on other lines, however this was failed. The actual last day is on 16 July 1994.

A F92 type train

F type cars

In West Berlin, the new F type followed the D and DL types. These trains were longer, built from light metal and had a different seating arrangement, with the two double seats at 90 degrees to the sides of the train. A test vehicle was built in 1973, it was scrapped in December 2006.

F74 trains were delivered from 1974 to 1978, mainly deployed to U9, 68 trains were built, and transferred all the D60 trains to U6, mainly to replace the D57 trains which shifted to U8 to replace the final 45-year old train cars.

In 1980 a new variation called F79 was introduced, 37 trains were built. It used the new three-phase electric power, which would be used on all future models as well. They are divided into three phases (F79.1, F79.2 and F79.3). The F79.3 has been sold to firefighting exercises at Jungfernheide since 2003, and the remainder were scrapped in 2004 - 2006.

Later the F84 and F87 followed, but there were no major changes to the basic design.

From 1990 on, the BVG bought more trains, which were called F90/F92, which also featured no major changes. Minor changes included improved automatic doors that closed more quietly.

Prior to 1990, most of the trains have their "U-Bahn" logo as a destination display on it, before they have a line number rolled out. Most of the trains do have a destination display equipped with a line number on it. The trains do frequently ran for the F74, F76 and F79, they all ran on the U5, U7 and U8. For the F84, F87, F90 and F92, they all ran on the U6 and the U9.

A H type train

H type cars

In the meanwhile, the F type had become quite old-fashioned, and the BVG decided to commission another new type. A train with completely joined compartments was chosen, and the seats along the car walls returned. This type was called H. In 1995 the first prototypes (H95) were delivered to the BVG. In 1998 and 2000 further batches (H97 and H01) were ordered from Adtranz. The interior was mainly painted white and yellow. The cars can only be uncoupled in a depot. These trains are made from Bombardier Transportation.

Today, all H type cars ran on almost all lines.

I type cars

BVG had meanwhile awarded the I-Zug trains to Stadler Rail which was delivered in 2014. These trains will begin their procurement in October 2012 and trains are ready after 2014. These trains will replace F74, F76 and F79 stocks, of which they will also be life-expired at that time. They are also meant for the U5 extension to Hauptbahnhof as there is a need for more and spare trains.

References

  1. ↑ Kurpjuweit, Klaus (January 15, 2014). "Die neue U-Bahn ist zu dick". tagesspiegel.de (in German). Der Tagesspiegel. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
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