Bernard Délicieux
| Bernard Délicieux | |
|---|---|
 L'agitateur du Languedoc at Musée des Augustins | |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | Order of Friars Minor |
| Rank | Friar |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
c. 1260-1270 Montpellier, France |
| Died |
1320 Carcassonne, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
Bernard Délicieux (c. 1260-1270 – 1320) was a Spiritual Franciscan friar who resisted the Inquisition in Carcassonne and Languedoc region of southern France.
Early life
Born in Montpellier, France sometime in 1260-1270, Délicieux joined the Franciscan Order in 1284 and worked in Paris prior to the start of the fourteenth century.[1]:3
Agitator Of Languedoc
In c. 1299, Délicieux became prior of the Franciscan convent in Carcassonne. In 1299, he led a revolt against the city's inquisitors, which prevented the arrest of two heretics sheltered in the Franciscan convent.[1]:65–69
In July 1300, Délicieux appealed the accusation that Castel Fabre, deceased in 1278 and buried at the Franciscan convent, was a heretic. Délicieux claimed the inquisition registers were fraudulent and contained accusations from non-existent informants. This incident caused the inquisitors to temporarily flee Carcassonne.[1]:78–82
In 1301, Délicieux befriended the newly appointed viceroy of Languedoc, Jean de Picquigny. Together, they visited King Philip The Fair in October and argued that Carcassonne inquisitor Foulques de Saint-Georges and Bishop Castanet were corrupt and abused their power, and thereby endangered loyalty to the French Kingdom.[1]:88–91 As a result, friar Foulques was reassigned and support from royal constables to arrest subjects suspected of heresy was reduced.[1] Bishop Castanet was fined 20,000 livres and no longer was the noble (secular) ruler of Albi (only the church).[1]:101
In c. 1302, Délicieux was transferred from Carcassonne to the Franciscan convent in Narbonne, but he travelled extensively throughout Languedoc preaching.[1]:102–103 In the spring, a second visit to the royal court failed to release the inquisition prisoners from Albi and Carcassonne.
In 1303, Délicieux returned to Carcassonne and pressured to reveal the secret accord of 1299, which reversed Carcassonne's earlier excommunication in 1297 by the inquisitor Nicholas d'Abbeville. On August 4, 1303, Délicieux gave a fiery sermon and claimed the 1299 accord admitted people of Carcassonne were (reformed) heretics and, hence, liable to be burned at the stake if they found to have relapsed.[1]:120–121 The following week, the inquisitor Geoffroy d'Ablis tried to dispel the accusations that the accord was unfair for Carcassonne, but a riot ensued.[1]:128 Based upon encouragement from Délicieux and to reduce tensions between the townsfolk and the inquisitors, Jean de Picquigny, backed by royal troops, forcibly transferred the prisoners from inquisitor's jail to the more humane royal jail.
In January 1304, Délicieux and Picquigny met with King Philip The Fair in Toulouse along with Dominican and other church officials as well as town representatives from Carcassonne and Albi. However, Délicieux angered the King by suggesting he was a foreign occupier of Languedoc.[1]:152–153 Consequently, there was no policy change - the inquisition would continue under oversight from local bishops.
In the spring of 1304, Délicieux travelled to Kingdom of Majorca to encourage Prince Ferran to back a revolt in Languedoc as an alternate ruler.[1]:156 However, King Jaume, an ally of King Philip, learned of the plot and beat his son, Prince Ferran, and ejected Délicieux from his kingdom.[1]:160–161
First Arrest
On April 16, 1304, Pope Benedict XI wrote a bull Ea nobis ordering the Franciscans to arrest Délicieux for "saying such things as we must not".[1]:161 However, the order was unfulfilled due to Benedict XI's death.
Délicieux's succession plot was uncovered by royal authorities in the fall of 1304 and he travelled to Paris to attempt to gain an audience with King Philip IV.[1]:169 In Paris, Délicieux was placed under house arrest, but unpunished.
Upon installment of Pope Clement V in 1305, Délicieux was transferred to the papal authority, where he formed part of the Pope's entourage that ultimately moved to Avignon in 1309. Shortly thereafter (c. 1310), Délicieux was released and joined the Spiritual Franciscan convent in Béziers.[1]:170–173
Second Arrest And Trial
In April 1317, Pope John XXII ordered the Spiritual Francisions from Béziers and Narbonne, including Délicieux, to come to Avignon and answer for their disobedience.[1]:184 Upon arrival, Délicieux was arrested. Over the next year, he was interrogated and tortured. Bernard de Castanet created forty charges, which were later expanded to sixty-four charged by Bernard Gui.[1]:188 In short, the charges against Délicieux were:
- Disobeying the Franciscan Order as a Spiritual
- Treason against the French King
- Murdering Pope Benedict XI
- Obstructing the Inquisition[1]:193
Délicieux was transferred from Avignon to Carcassonne for his trial, which ran from September 12 to December 8, 1319. The judges and prosecutors were Jacques Fournier, the Bishop of Pamiers and future Pope Benedict XII, and Raimond de Mostuéjouls, the Bishop of St. Papoul.[1]:192
Following torture and threat of excommunication, Délicieux confessed to the charge of obstructing the Inquisition.[1]:198 Délicieux was also found guilty of treason, but not guilty of murdering Pope Benedict XI. No verdict was given for being a Spiritual Franciscan, the original reason for his arrest in Avignon.[1]:199 As punishment, Délicieux was defrocked and sentenced to life in prison in solitary confinement.[1]:200 Though the judges sentencing Délicieux ordered that his penance of chains, bread and water be omitted in view of his frailty, age and prior torture, Pope John XXII countermanded their order and delivered the friar to inquisitor Jean de Beaune. Serving this harsh sentence, Délicieux died shortly thereafter in early 1320.[2]
Bibliography
- Friedlander, Alan (2009). The Hammer of the Inquisitors: Brother Bernard Délicieux & the Struggle Against the Inquisition in Fourteenth-Century France. Cultures, beliefs, and traditions V. 9. Leiden, Netherlands ; Boston, MA: Brill Publishers. ISBN 9789004115194. OCLC 607468511.
- Friedlander, Alan (1966). "Processus Bernardi Delitiosi : the trial of Fr. Bernard Délicieux, 3 September-8 December 1319". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society). V. 86 (1). ISBN 9780871698612. ISSN 0065-9746. OCLC 34484357.
- (French) Jean-Louis Biget, Autour de Bernard Délicieux. Franciscains et société en Languedoc entre 1295 et 1330, in « Mouvements Franciscains et société française. XIIIe-XXe siècle », André Vauchez ed., Paris, Beauchesne, 1984.
- (French) Barthélemy Hauréau, Bernard Délicieux et l'Inquisition albigeoise, 1300-1320, Paris, Hachette, 1877.
- Stephen O'Shea, The Friar Of Carcassonne, Douglas & McIntyre, 2011.
- (French) Julien Théry, "Une politique de la terreur : l'évêque d'Albi Bernard de Castanet (v. 1240-1317) et l'Inquisition", dans Les inquisiteurs. Portraits de défenseurs de la foi en Languedoc (XIIIe-XIVe s.), dir. L. Albaret, Toulouse : Privat, 2001, p. 71-87, free access & download online.
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
O'Shea, Stephen (2011). The Friar Of Carcassonne. Vancouver, BC, Canada: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1-55365-551-0. OCLC 748088962, 763154616 and 776996949. (subscription required) - ↑ Lea, Henry Charles; Loewy, Benno; White, Andrew Dickson (1887). A history of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages V. 2. New York, NY: Harper & Bros. pp. 99–102. OCLC 646857278.