Beyond CMOS
Beyond CMOS refers to the possible future digital logic technologies beyond the CMOS scaling limits[1][2][3][4] which limits device density and speeds due to heating effects.[5]
Beyond CMOS is the name of one of the 7 focus groups in ITRS 2.0 (2013).
CPUs using CMOS were released from 1986 (e.g. 12 MHz Intel 80386). As CMOS transistor dimensions were shrunk the clock speeds also increased. Since about 2004 CMOS CPU clock speeds have leveled off at about 3.5 GHz.
CMOS devices sizes continue to shrink - See Intel Tick-Tock and ITRS :
- 22nm Ivy Bridge in 2012
- first 14 nanometer processors shipped in Q4 2014.
- In May 2015, Samsung Electronics showed a 300 mm wafer of 10 nm FinFET chips.[6]
CMOS transistors may not work below 10 nm.[4] See 10 nanometer and 7 nanometer.
Comparisons of technology
About 2010 the Nanoelectronic Research Initiative (NRI) studied various circuits in various technologies.[2]
Nikonov & Young benchmarked (theoretically) many technologies in 2012,[2] and updated it in 2014.[7] The 2014 benchmarking included 11 electronic, 8 spintronic, 3 orbitronic, 2 ferroelectric, and 1 straintronic technology.[7]
Some areas of investigation
- Rapid single flux quantum devices. (rated most promising by NSA in 2005)
- Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor
- Silicon nanowire FET[4]
- Spintronics, various types
- Tunnel junction devices, e.g. Tunnel field-effect transistor
- Indium antimonide transistors
- Photonics, optical computing
- Graphene nanoribbons
- Molecular electronics
See also
- International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors
- Moore's law
- MOSFET scaling
- Ian A. Young#Beyond CMOS Computing
- Nanostrain, a project to characterise piezoelectric materials for low power switches
- S-PULSE, the EU Shrink-Path of Ultra-Low Power Superconducting Electronics initiative
- Probabilistic complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (PCMOS)
References
- ↑ Extending the road beyond CMOS. Hutchby 2002
- 1 2 3 Overview of Beyond-CMOS Devices and A Uniform Methodology for Their Benchmarking. Ver.3.4 09/21/2012
- ↑ Bernstein; et al. (2011). "Device and Architecture Outlook for Beyond CMOS Switches".
- 1 2 3 Review of Advanced and Beyond CMOS FET Technologies for Radio Frequency Circuit Design. Carta 2011
- ↑ Power-constrained CMOS scaling limits. Frank 2002
- ↑ "Samsung vows to start 10nm chip production in 2016". 23 May 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
- 1 2 Benchmarking of Beyond-CMOS Exploratory – Devices for Logic Integrated Circuits.