Media coverage of North Korea

Media coverage of North Korea (officially named the Democratic People's Republic of Korea) is hampered by a lack of reliable information.[1] In the absence of solid facts, many reports are based on sensationalist claims, distortions, and unsubstantiated rumors.[2][3][4] South Korean journalists and media experts have described this as a "systemic problem".[5] South Korean officials routinely brief the media anonymously, so there is no accountability if the information is later found to be incorrect.[6] Due to the popularity of news from North Korea in the West, stories are frequently widely circulated in United States and European media with minimal fact-checking or analysis.[7][8] Some visitors have reported that the North Korea that they experienced was very different from the barren landscapes, starving people, and goose-stepping troops portrayed in the media.[9][10][11]:59–66

Issues

Restrictions on reporting in North Korea

The North Korean government places stringent restrictions on foreign reporters, visitors, and even residents of Western origin. Freedom of movement is severely curtailed, interactions with local people are supervised, and photography is heavily regulated. Because of this reporters often find it difficult to check stories and establish hard facts.[7][12] Many analysts and journalists have never visited North Korea or have had very limited access. As a result, their books and articles may rely on speculation and scanty information gleaned from a single, uncorroborated source, such as a defector.[11]:59–66, 107, 117–18

When foreign journalists do visit the country, North Korean officials are reluctant to give statements on the record. Researching topics like prison camps are out of bounds. As with tourists, foreign journalists are always accompanied by a minder, and any encounters with locals have been arranged. Foreign journalists have access to the Internet, making real-time reporting possible.[13]

Media in North Korea are under some of the strictest government control in the world.[14] The main local media outlet is the Korean Central News Agency.

The Associated Press opened a video-only bureau in Pyongyang in 2006. In 2012, the bureau became the first Western all-format bureau in the country.[15] The bureau does not have an all-time presence. Rather, the journalists can only stay for weeks at a time in the country before having to request permission anew.[16]

Political conflict

The Korean DMZ, viewed from the north. The political division of Korea continues to affect the media coverage of the DPRK

Since the Korean War (1950-1953), North and South Korea have confronted each other over the Korean Demilitarized Zone, with a permanent American garrison force situated in the south. North Korean authorities have attributed erroneous reporting on the country to disinformation spread by South Korea and the United States. Specifically, the Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of Korea, a DPRK-backed organisation, has accused the Chosun Ilbo, a major South Korean newspaper, of employing "hack journalists" who intentionally report false information at the behest of the South Korean government.[17]

Often the information release route is that the South Korean National Intelligence Service briefs South Korean politicians, who then brief the media, providing the possibility of misunderstanding especially to reporters eager for lurid stories.[18]

The analyst Andrei Lankov argues that the mainstream media suppresses stories about relative improvements in North Korea to avoid giving support to its government, or being perceived to do so.[19]

Sensationalism

John Delury from Yonsei University argues that there is a demand for sensationalist news about North Korea: "There's a global appetite for any North Korea story and the more salacious the better. Some of it is probably true – but a great deal of it is probably not...the normal standards of journalism are thrown out of the window because the attitude is: 'it's North Korea – no one knows what's going on in there." [12]

The Washington Post's Max Fisher has written that, in regard to North Korea, "almost any story is treated as broadly credible, no matter how outlandish or thinly sourced." Fisher quoted Isaac Stone Fish of Foreign Policy joking that "as an American journalist you can write almost anything you want about North Korea and people will just accept it".[20] Isaac Stone Fish himself admitted to painting a picture of "The Black Hole of North Korea" in the grip of a drug epidemic with very little evidence to back it up.[11]:107 Journalists regularly report parodies as genuine stories.[21]

The research director of NK News believes that the overused stereotypical labels applied to North Korea like "Hermit Kingdom", "secretive" and "unpredictable" make for "catchy headlines and are an easy sell."[22]

Defectors

Felix Abt, a Swiss businessman who lived in the DPRK, argues that North Korean defectors, a key source of information for intelligence officers, scholars, activists, and journalists, are inherently biased. He argues that, as 70 percent of defectors in South Korea are unemployed, selling sensationalist stories is way for them to make a living. He also states that the overwhelming majority of defectors come from North Hamgyong Province, one of North Korea's poorest provinces, and often have a grudge against Pyongyang and provinces nearby. He states that defectors in South Korea's resettlement process tailor their accounts over time to become less mundane and more propagandistic. He criticizes Westerners for not being skeptical about even the most outlandish claims made by defectors.[11]:117–18 Similarly, academic Hyung Gu Lynn has commented that some defectors embellish or fabricate their stories to sell books or lobby for regime change.[23] Representatives of the defector community in South Korea have also expressed concern about the unreliability of defector testimony.[24]

After extensively interviewing Shin Dong-hyuk, a prominent defector, the journalist Blaine Harden wrote in 2012 that, "There was, of course, no way to confirm what he was saying. Shin was the only available source of information about his early life." According to Harden, Shin confessed that his original story about his mother, told in interviews to South Korea's National Intelligence Service and others, and in his memoir, was not true: "Shin said he had been lying about his mother's escape. He invented the lie just before arriving in South Korea."[25] In January 2015, Harden announced that Shin had admitted that the account of his life that he had given Harden was also false.[26] Andrei Lankov commented that "some suspicions had been confirmed when Shin suddenly admitted what many had hitherto suspected", described Harden's book as unreliable, and noted that defectors faced considerable psychological pressure to embroider their stories.[27]

Examples of inaccuracies

Hyon Song-wol

Hyon Song-wol is a North Korean singer. On 29 August 2013, The Chosun Ilbo reported that she was executed by firing squad, together with eleven other performers, including members of the Unhasu Orchestra and Wangjaesan Light Music Band, on the orders of North Korean leader, Kim Jong-un.[28] The story was reported worldwide. It was claimed she was Kim Jong-un's ex-girlfriend, and that she and the others had made pornographic videos.[29][30][31]

The KCNA denied claims that the singer was executed, and a Japanese news magazine reported that she was seen subsequently.[12] On 16 May 2014, Hyon appeared on North Korean television participating in the National Convention of Artists, disproving the rumors.[32][33][34]

Death of Kim Chol

Kim Chol was a Vice Minister of Defense who was allegedly purged and executed in spectacular fashion for "drinking and carousing" during the period of mourning for Kim Jong-il.[35] His death, originally reported by the Chosun Ilbo, was carried in the Daily Mail, Huffington Post, and New York Daily News. According to those reports, Kim Chol was blown apart in an artillery bombardment.[35][36] However, subsequent analysis by Foreign Policy determined the claims most likely originated from gossip,[37] and NK News observed the story "demonstrates how a single anonymous source can generate a story in the South Korean press, which then gets escalated into all-caps certainties for fine news outlets such as the Daily Mail."[38]

Despite stories from the New York Times and ESPN that North Korean media claim Kim Jong-il once shot five holes-in-one in golf, informal surveys of Pyongyang residents have yet to discover anyone who has heard such a report.

Death of Jang Sung-taek

Following the 2013 arrest of DPRK official Jang Sung-taek on charges of corruption, scores of U.S. media, including MSNBC, CNN, and Fox News, reported he had been eaten alive by a pack of ravenous dogs on the orders of Kim Jong-un.[39] After the reports began to gain traction, Trevor Powell, a Chicago-based software engineer, discovered the story had originated from the blog of a Chinese satirist.[40][41] In the wake of the revelation, some media retracted their original stories.

Discovery of unicorns

In 2012, a number of western media outlets reported that North Korea had claimed to have discovered evidence of unicorns. In reporting on the purported announcement, U.S. News and World Report somberly declared it to be "the latest in a series of myths trumpeted by North Korean news sources."[42] Subsequent analysis of the original DPRK statement, however, showed that the announcement involved the archaeological discovery of the "unicorn lair," a poetic term used to describe the ancient capital of King Dongmyeong of Goguryeo and that neither North Korean academics nor media had ever claimed the literal existence of unicorns.[43]

Kim Jong-il's golf score

Over several years, many U.S. and European media outlets - including ESPN and the New York Times[44] - have reported that North Korean media claimed that Kim Jong-il shot five holes in one his first time playing golf. An alternative version of the story is that North Korean media once reported Kim had shot 18 holes in one.[45] The implication of the story is that the North Korean government attributes supernatural feats to its leaders as part of a cult of personality. Despite the wide propagation of the story, no original source for the report has ever been offered, with Western media outlets most frequently citing each other as proof of the claim. NK News reports that "informal surveys of North Koreans themselves revealed that no one in Pyongyang was aware of this legendary feat, unless told it by a tourist."[38] Richard Seers, a British journalist who played at the Pyongyang Golf Club asked officials there, who revealed it was nothing more than an urban myth.[46]

How Americans Live

Wired deleted an article by Spencer Ackerman, shown here, after it was discovered what he claimed to be a "North Korean propaganda video" was actually a satire film produced by a British travel writer.[47]

In 2013, a short film titled How Americans Live was widely disseminated on the Internet. The film showed images of the United States with a stilted English narration making over-the-top claims about various depredations experienced in American society, such as people being forced to eat snow for sustenance. Spencer Ackerman of Wired called the film a "North Korean propaganda video" while the Washington Post, in its analysis, declared the video's message to be "consistent with North Korean propaganda". It was subsequently revealed the film was a satirical video created by British travel writer Alun Hill and not, as reported, a North Korean "propaganda video".[47]

Mourning for Kim Jong-il

Following the death of Kim Jong-il, many media reported on scenes broadcast by North Korean press that showed North Korean citizens crying hysterically. Writing in the New Yorker Philip Gourevitch declared the grieving was obviously fake and indicative of the "madness of the Kims' grim dominion over North Korea," while Bill O'Reilly stated that mourners had been "paid in hamburgers."[48] Writing on CNN, John Sifton of Human Rights Watch claimed North Koreans were required by the DPRK government to cry and their "only alternative is to flee."[49] However, wild expressions of grief - including extreme sobbing and fist pounding - are an accepted part of Korean Confucian culture and can regularly be seen in South Korea as well.[50] In fact, during the funeral procession for South Korean president Park Chung Hee, thousands of South Korean women were pictured "screaming, wailing and shaking their fists at heaven."[51] Korea expert B.R. Myers has observed that sadness expressed by North Koreans on learning of the passing of Kim Jong-il was probably "genuine."[52]

Distribution of Mein Kampf

In June 2013, Washington Post blogger Max Fisher reported claims by New Focus International that Kim Jong-un had distributed copies of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf to other members of the North Korean government.[53] This made the Post the first major media outlet to repeat those rumors, which had been spreading among North Korean defectors in China.[54] In response, scholars Andrei Lankov and Fyodor Tertitskiy pointed out that the story was extremely unlikely: the Soviet influence on history textbooks in North Korea and the fact that Nazi Germany was allied with the Japanese Empire (which had colonized Korea) meant that North Koreans deplored Nazi Germany, and indeed the North Korean state media itself sometimes compared South Korean or American leaders to Hitler.[54][55]

Lankov suggested that the eagerness with which media outlets accepted the story pointed to a "simplistic view of the world" in which "the bad guys are also united and share a bad, repressive ideology", while Tertitskiy condemned the rumors as distracting attention from serious news reporting and detracting from its credibility. Both Lankov and Tertitskiy described the rumor as an example of Godwin's law.[54][55] Fisher himself would later criticize U.S. media outlets for their "high degree of gullibility" in reporting on North Korea.[20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Leo Byrne (9 October 2014). "What do journalists think about reporting on North Korea?". NK News.
  2. ↑ Anna Broinowski (1 June 2015). "True or false: the 'kooky' North Korea stories they couldn't make up – but did". The Guardian.
  3. ↑ Chad O’Carroll (15 October 2014). "North Korea. What drives the story: reporting facts or seeking sensation?" (PDF). International Institute of Korean Studies.
  4. ↑ "Eight things people get wrong about North Korea". BBC. 2016.
  5. ↑ Ha-young Choi (10 August 2015). "S. Korean journalists lament low-quality N. Korea reporting". NK News.
  6. ↑ Justin Rohrlich (22 January 2014). "Inside the North Korea Rumor Mill". NK News. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  7. 1 2 Taylor, Adam (29 August 2013). "Why You Shouldn't Necessarily Trust Those Reports Of Kim Jong-un Executing His Ex-Girlfriend". businessinsider.com. Business Insider. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  8. ↑ O'Carroll, Chad (6 January 2014). "North Korea's invisible phone, killer dogs and other such stories - why the world is transfixed". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  9. ↑ Sarah Dean (29 May 2014). "Girls playing on the beach, hair salons and bored commuters: Tourist who took camera inside North Korea expecting to find 'really, really sad people' is shocked to discover a happy country". Daily Mail.
  10. ↑ Allison Quinn (5 August 2014). "Letter to Kim Jong-un Takes Russian Schoolgirl to North Korea". Moscow Times.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Abt, Felix (2014). A Capitalist in North Korea: My Seven Years in the Hermit Kingdom. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9780804844390.
  12. 1 2 3 "North Korea criticises 'reptile media' for saying Kim Jong-un ordered executions". The Guardian. September 23, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
  13. ↑ Shearlaw, Maeve (5 May 2016). "Propaganda and the party congress: how to report from North Korea". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  14. ↑ "Annual Press Freedom Index". Reporters Without Border. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  15. ↑ Calderone, Michael (14 July 2014). "Associated Press North Korea Bureau Opens As First All-Format News Office In Pyongyang". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  16. ↑ Hauser, Christine (6 May 2016). "Dateline North Korea, but Still Reporting From a Distance". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  17. ↑ http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2013/201307/news19/20130719-27ee.html
  18. ↑ Stephen Evans (16 May 2015). "North Korea: What should we make of latest 'execution'?". BBC. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  19. ↑ Andrei Lankov (23 September 2011). "It's not all doom and gloom in Pyongyang". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 2011-09-24.
  20. 1 2 Fisher, Max (3 January 2014). "No, Kim Jong Un probably didn’t feed his uncle to 120 hungry dogs". Washington Post (Washington, D.C.).
  21. ↑ Fifield, Anna (21 April 2016). "North Korea's news service barely needs to be spoofed, but this duo nails it". Washington Post. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  22. ↑ Gianluca Spezza (20 November 2013). "Three unhelpful but common exaggerations about North Korea". NK News. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  23. ↑ Hyung Gu Lynn (2007). Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989. Zed Books. p. 94.
  24. ↑ Ha-young Choi (9 February 2016). "Should N.Korean defectors become celebrities? Exaggerated testimony, caused by difficulty to life in S. Korea, undermines trust". NK News. line feed character in |title= at position 46 (help)
  25. ↑ Harden, Blaine (2012). Escape from Camp 14: One Man's Remarkable Odyssey from North Korea to Freedom in the West. Viking. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0-670-02332-5.
  26. ↑ Anna Fifield (17 January 2015). "Prominent N. Korean defector Shin Dong-hyuk admits parts of story are inaccurate". Washington Post.
  27. ↑ Andrei Lankov (3 February 2015). "After the Shin Dong-hyuk affair: Separating fact, fiction". NK News.
  28. ↑ "Kim Jong-un's Ex-Girlfriend 'Shot by Firing Squad'". The Chosun Ilbo. August 29, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  29. ↑ "Hyon Song-Wol 'Pornographic' Video - Kim Jong-Un Ex-Girlfriend". Business Insider. 2013-09-05. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  30. ↑ "Kim Jong Un's Ex-Lover Hyon Song-Wol 'Executed By North Korean Firing Squad After Making Sex Tape'". Huffingtonpost.co.uk. 2013-08-29. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  31. ↑ Ryall, Julian (August 29, 2013). "Kim Jong-un's ex-lover 'executed by firing squad'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  32. ↑ Damien Mcelroy (17 May 2014). "'Executed' Kim Jong-Un girlfriend reappears on North Korea television". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  33. ↑ May 17, 2014, 11:34 am. "Executed singer alive and well, Pyongyang TV shows - The West Australian". Au.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  34. ↑ "North Korean singer "executed by firing squad" shows up alive and well in Pyongyang | NK News - North Korea News". NK News. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  35. 1 2 "North Korean Army Figure Executed As Kim Jong-un Continues Bloody Purge". International Business Times. October 24, 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  36. ↑ Ryall, Julian (24 October 2012). "North Korean army minister 'executed with mortar round'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  37. ↑ Was a North Korean General Really Executed by Mortar Fire?
  38. 1 2 Abrahamian, Andray (6 December 2012). "The top ten most bizarre rumours to spread about North Korea". nknews.org. NK News. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  39. ↑ "Report alleging North Korean execution by hungry dogs was likely false". nbcnews.com. NBC News. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  40. ↑ "Jang Song Thaek Eaten By Dog Story Likely Came From Satire". Huffington Post. Reuters. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  41. ↑ John Sudworth (6 January 2014). "A cautionary tale of dogs, imposters and North Korea". BBC. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  42. ↑ Koebler, Jason (30 November 2012). "North Korea Says It's Found a 'Unicorn Lair'". usnews.com. U.S. News and World Report. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  43. ↑ Davis, Lauren (12 November 2012). "No, the North Korean government did not claim it found evidence of unicorns". io9.com. IO9. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  44. ↑ Longman, Jere (20 December 2011). "Kim Jong-il, the Sportsman". New York Times. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  45. ↑ "FAQ". NK News: Database of North Korean Propaganda. August 22, 2005.
  46. ↑ Dunsmuir, Alistair (December 20, 2011). "Kim Jong Il’s golf feat an 'urban myth'". Golf Club Management. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  47. 1 2 "'How Americans Live Today': Fake North Korean Propaganda Video Punks The Internet". huffingtonpost.com. Huffington Post. 3 March 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  48. ↑ Hartenstein, Meena (6 January 2014). "Kim Jong Il dead: North Koreans cry in streets to mourn leader, but are the tears real". New York Daily News. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  49. ↑ Sifton, John (22 December 2011). "North Korean mourners, crying to survive?". cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  50. ↑ Sang-hun, Choe (20 December 2011). "North Korea's Tears: A Blend of Culture, Culture and Coercion". New York Times. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  51. ↑ Martin, Bradley (20 December 2011). "Why the North Koreans cry". globalpost.com. Global Post. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  52. ↑ "B.R. Myers addresses allegations of fake mourning and self image in North Korea". scpr.org. Southern California Public Radio. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  53. ↑ Fisher, Max (2013-06-17). "Report: Kim Jong Un handing out copies of 'Mein Kampf' to senior North Korean officials". Washington Post WorldViews Blog. Retrieved 2015-07-12.
  54. 1 2 3 Lankov, Andrei (2013-06-21). "Mein Kampf has little to offer a North Korean statesman; Why everyone was so easily persuaded by the idea of Kim Jong Un and his Hitler fantasy". NK News. Retrieved 2015-07-12.
  55. 1 2 Tertitskiy, Fyodor (2015-02-11). "Why Kim doesn’t love Hitler, and why this matters; Crude rumors to demonize Pyongyang will backfire, and will ultimately strengthen the regime". NK News. Retrieved 2015-07-12.
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