Bitis gabonica rhinoceros

Common names: West African Gaboon viper,[1] Gabino viper[2]
Bitis gabonica rhinoceros
Bitis gabonica rhinoceros
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Subfamily: Viperinae
Genus: Bitis
Species: B. gabonica
Subspecies: B. g. rhinoceros
Trinomial name
Bitis gabonica rhinoceros
(Schlegel, 1855)
Synonyms
  • Vipera rhinoceros Schlegel, 1855
  • Echidna rhinoceros
    — A.H.A. Duméril, 1856
  • C[lotho]. rhinoceros — Cope, 1860
  • V[ipera]. (Echidna) rhinoceros
    — Jan, 1863
  • Vipera (Bitis) rhinoceros
    — W. Peters, 1877
  • Bitis rhinoceros — W. Peters, 1882
  • Bitis gabonica rhinoceros
    — Mertens, 1951[3]
  • Bitis (Macrocerastes) rhinoceros
    — Lenk et al., 1999
  • Bitis rhinoceros
    — Dobiey & Vogel, 2007[4]

Bitis gabonica rhinoceros is a venomous viper subspecies[5] endemic to West Africa. It is distinguished from the nominate subspecies, B. g. gabonica, primarily by the presence of a set of large nasal "horns".[2]

Description

Close-up of the head

B. g. rhinoceros has a distinctive set of enlarged nasal scales that look like a pair of horns on its nose. This is a characteristic that it shares with a close relative, B. nasicornis. However, B. nasicornis has a brighter color pattern and a narrower head.[6] B. g. gabonica has no such enlarged nasal "horns", and is overall somewhat smaller than B. g. rhinoceros. Also, in B. g. gabonica, the dark triangular marking leading back from the eye towards the angle of the mouth is divided. In B. g. rhinoceros it is not.

Geographic range

B. g. rhinoceros is found in West Africa from Ghana west to Guinea, including Sierra Leone, Liberia and Ivory Coast. Togo is also mentioned.[2][3][6]

According to Spawls & Branch (1995), Ghana and Togo are at the eastern limit of the range of this subspecies, and they begin to intergrade here with B. g. gabonica. The distribution map they provide indicates that the general range for B. g. rhinoceros does not include Togo, but that there has been at least one report of a specimen found there.[6] Togo, together with Benin and at least eastern Ghana, are part of a larger region known as the Dahomey Gap; a relatively dry region that separates the rainforests of West Africa from those of Central Africa.[7][8]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/13300925/0
  2. 1 2 3 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  3. 1 2 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  4. ↑ The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  5. ↑ "Bitis gabonica rhinoceros". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 26 July 2006.
  6. 1 2 3 Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Dubai: Ralph Curtis Books. Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
  7. ↑ Comparative Phylogeography of Reptiles and Amphibians in West Africa at Homepage, Adam D. Leaché - Ph.D Candidate. Accessed 7 August 2006.
  8. ↑ Salzmann, Ulrich, Hoelzmann, Philipp. 2005. The Dahomey Gap: an abrupt climatically induced rain forest fragmentation in West Africa during the late Holocene. The Holocene 15 (2): 190-199. Abstract at Sage Journals Online. Accessed 2 August 2007.

Further reading

External links

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