Black-collared hawk

Black-collared hawk
adult Pantanal, Brazil
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Accipitriformes
Family:	Accipitridae
Genus:	Busarellus Lesson, 1843
Species:	B. nigricollis
Binomial name
Busarellus nigricollis (Latham, 1790)
Global range     Year-Round Range     Summer Range     Winter Range

The black-collared hawk (Busarellus nigricollis) is a species of bird of prey in the Accipitridae family. It is monotypic within the genus Busarellus.^[2] It is found in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, and swamps.^[1]

The adult black-collared hawk has a more or less white head, tinged with buff, and with black shaft streaks on the crown. The body, above and below, and the mantle are bright cinnamon-rufous, paler on the chest. There is a black crescent on the upper breast. The back has scattered black shaft stripes; the flight and tail feathers are black with the base of the tail barred with rufous. The eyes are bright reddish brown, the cere and bill black, and the legs bluish white. Immatures are similar, but blotched with black, including on the crown, and the rufous barring on the tail is more extensive. The pale area on the chest is also more clearly marked. The upper surface of the wings is barred, and the eyes are brown.

• 

  immature bird
  Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

• 

  Flying
  Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

The nest is usually placed in a large tree, frequently near water, but sometimes in shade trees in coffee plantations or suburban areas. The nest is lined with green leaves. The female lays three to five eggs, dull white, spotted with pale yellow-brown or red-brown and a few darker freckles. There is no further information on its reproduction.

The black-collared hawk lives on a diet mainly composed of fish. It also eats water bugs and occasionally lizards, snails and rodents.

In the 1870s Ridgeway wrote that Busarellus (then known as Ichthyoborus) had the "general form and appearance of Buteogallus aequinoctialis", but that it "is much more nearly related to the heliatine groups", in which he included Milvus, Haliastur, and Haliaaetus.^[3] During the early-to-mid 20th century, Busarellus was conventionally placed near Buteogallus in taxonomic order.^[3]

The black-collared hawk has the basal phalanges of the inner toe fused, which may be an adaptation to prevent the toe from bending back when catching prey. This feature is shared with Ictinia and with the group of true milvine kites and sea eagles (Milvus, Haliastur, Haliaaetus, and Icthyophaga).^[3] Research in molecular phylogenetics during the early 21st century indicates that there is a clear milvine–haliaetine clade that is related to a large group of buteonine hawks and their relatives. Within the buteonine group, Ictinia is near-basal, and Busarellus is a member of a clade shared with Geranospiza, Rostrhamus, and Helicolestes.^[4]

References

1. BirdLife International (2012). "Busarellus nigricollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
2. "ITIS Report: Busarellus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
3. Olson, Storrs L. (1982). "The distribution of fused phalanges of the inner toe in the Accipitridae". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 102 (1): 8–12. Contains a detailed section on the relationship of Busarellus.
4. Peters, Alan P. "Taxonomy in Flux Checklist: Accipitriformes". Zoonomen. Retrieved 8 April 2016.