Suns in alchemy

A green lion consuming the sun is a common alchemical image, and is seen in texts such as the Rosarium philosophorum.

In alchemic and Hermetic traditions, suns () are employed to symbolize a variety of concepts, much like the sun in astrology. Suns can correspond to gold, citrinitas, generative masculine principles, imagery of 'the king' or Apollo, the fiery spirit or sulfur,^[1] the divine spark in man,^[2] nobility, or incorruptibility. Recurring images of specific solar motifs can be found in the form of a "Dark" or "Black Sun", or a green lion devouring a sun.

Sol niger

The black sun as pictured in the Putrifaction emblem of Philosophia Reformata (Johann Daniel Mylius).

Sol niger (black sun) can refer to the first stage of the alchemical magnum opus, the nigredo (blackening). In a text ascribed to Marsilio Ficino three suns are described: black, white, and red, corresponding to the three most used alchemical color stages. Of the sol niger he writes:

The body must be dissolved in the subtlest middle air: The body is also dissolved by its own heat and humidity; where the soul, the middle nature holds the principality in the colour of blackness all in the glass: which blackness of Nature the ancient Philosophers called the crows head, or the black sun.^[3]

The black sun is used to illuminate the dissolution of the body, a blackening of matter, or putrefaction in Splendor Solis,^[4] and Johann Daniel Mylius’s Philosophia Reformata.^[5]

In popular culture

Sol niger imagery can be found in the recent works of musicians including:

• COIL
• Babylon Whores
• Boyd Rice
• Black Sun Empire
• "Alchemy of the Black Sun Cult", Goatwhore (2006)
• "Sol Niger Within", Fredrik Thordendal's Special Defects (1997)
• "Black Hole Sun", Soundgarden (1994)
• "A Thousand Suns", Linkin Park (2010 album cover)
• "Shin Megami Tensei Nocturne" (attack of the demon Alciel)
• "Blackstar", David Bowie (2016)

See also

The alchemical glyph used to represent the sun.

• Alchemical symbol
• Black Sun (mythology)
• Classical planets in Western alchemy
• Five Suns (mythology)
• Solar symbol

References

1. Pamela Smith.Merchants and Marvels: Commerce, Science, and Art in Early Modern Europe. Routledge. 2001. p.41
2. Titus Burckhardt. Alchemy: Science of the Cosmos, Science of the Soul. Penguin. 1967. p.91
3. Marsilius Ficinus, 'Liber de Arte Chemica'. Theatrum Chemicum, Vol 2, Geneva, 1702, p172-183. Transcribed by Justin von Budjoss.
4. Splendor Solis. 1582. Retrieved 2012-10-17
5. Stanislas Klossowski de Rola. The Golden Game: Alchemical Engravings of the Seventeenth Century. 1988. p. 170, 180.