Cyathea medullaris

Black tree fern
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Pteridophyta
Class:	Pteridopsida
Order:	Cyatheales
Family:	Cyatheaceae
Genus:	Cyathea
Subgenus:	Sphaeropteris
Section:	Sphaeropteris
Species:	C. medullaris
Binomial name
Cyathea medullaris (G.Forst) Sw., 1801
Synonyms
Polypodium medullare G. Forster, 1786 Sphaeropteris medullaris (G. Forster) Bernhardi, 1801 Cyathea affinis W. J. Hooker & Baker, 1874 (non Cyathea affinis (J. R. Forster) Swartz, 1801, non Cyathea affinis M. Martens & Galeotti, 1842 (cannot be attributed to any species), non Cyathea affinis Brackenridge, 1854; quae Cyathea propinqua) Alsophila extensa Desvald, 1827 (non Alsophila extensa Blume, 1828; quae Cyathea raciborskii) Alsophila lunulata (G. Forster, 1786) R. Brown, 1827 (non Alsophila lunulata Blume, 1828; quae Cyathea junghuhniana)

Cyathea medullaris, popularly known as the black tree fern, is a large tree fern up to 20 m tall. It is distributed across the south-west Pacific from Fiji to Pitcairn and New Zealand. It is called mamaku, katātā, kōrau, or pītau in the Māori language.

Distribution

Luxuriant groups of C. medullaris are a common sight in the New Zealand forest

C. medullaris is common in lowland forest throughout the North Island. In the South Island its distribution is more localised. It is fairly common in wetter coastal areas, but rare in the drier eastern parts and absent in Canterbury and Otago. In New Zealand it also occurs on the Three Kings Islands in the far north, on Stewart Island/Rakiura in the far south and in the Chatham Islands.^[1]

The other parts of its distribution include Fiji, the Marquesas Islands, Tahiti, and the Austral Islands and Pitcairn. It is not present in the Kermadecs.^[2]

Description

The black trunk with characteristic hexagonal stipe bases seen here from this specimen from RBGE, Edinburgh

The trunk is black and covered with hexagonal stipe bases. The fronds may be up to 5 m long, and arch upwards from the crown. Dead fronds are shed except in very young plants. The primary pinnae are from 40 cm to 1 m long, and the undersides bear scales with marginal spines. The stipes are thick, black, very rough to the touch, and covered in black scales with marginal spines. C. medullaris can be readily distinguished from related species by the hexagonal stipe scars on the trunk and by the scales with spines on their margins.^[3][4]

Cultivation

The expanding frond forms a fiddlehead or koru

C. medullaris will grow from fresh spores, but this is slow. Plants are easy to transplant when they are young. It is also possible to plant newly felled trunks which will generally sprout again, provided they are watered with care. They are hardy in various conditions once established.^[3][4]

Uses

Tree fern trunks, including those of C. medullaris, have been used as rough building material and also for makeshift trackwork.^[4]

Notes

1. Brownsey & Smith-Dodsworth, 1989. New Zealand Ferns and Allied Plants, David Bateman Ltd, p.87, ISBN 1 86953 003 9
2. Large & Braggins, 2004. Tree Ferns, Timber Press, p.222, ISBN 0-88192-630-2
3. "Cyathea medullaris". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
4. "Cyathea medullaris (G.Forst.) Sw. (1801)". Ngā Tipu o Aotearoa — New Zealand Plants. Retrieved 2008-05-02.

Bibliography

• "Cyathea medullaris". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
• "Cyathea medullaris (G.Forst.) Sw. (1801)". Ngā Tipu o Aotearoa — New Zealand Plants. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
• Patrick J. Brownsey and John C. Smith-Dodsworth, 1989. New Zealand Ferns and Allied Plants. David Bateman Ltd. ISBN 1-86953-003-9
• C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Fern. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Saikat Basu and C.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.
• Mark F. Large and John E. Braggins. 2004. Tree Ferns. Timber Press, Inc. ISBN 0-88192-630-2